Why do acute respiratory infections in children remain a pressing problem? Current, prevention and treatment options

Literary data on peculiarities of immune system, anti-infectious immunity, including local protection of respiratory tract (lymphaticepithelial pharyngeal system), in children of early and preschool age, causing their higher incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) are given in the article. This age period is characterized by «physiological» humoral immune deficiency, reduced activation of the complement system, insufficient synthesis of cytokines, including interferons, T-cell immunosuppression, impaired intercellular cooperation, poor functional activity of natural killers and phagocytes. Despite the large range of means and methods of prophylaxis of infectious and inflammatory diseases of viral and bacterial etiology, it is necessary to search for new approaches taking into account the peculiarities of immune status in young children. The article presents the possibilities of controlling the system of congenital and adaptive immunity with medications, in particular, by using the bacterial lysate Broncho-munal®. The immunoregulatory role of bacterial lysates is presented in detail. The pathogenetic substantiation of the use of bacterial lysate Broncho-munal® for the prevention of acute respiratory infections in children, including children with recurrent respiratory infections is given.

Moyamoya Disease is a Progressive Occlusive Arteriopathy of the Primitive Internal Carotid Artery

The purpose of this literature review is to disclose the relationship between the temporal profile of steno-occlusive changes in the cerebral arteries in moyamoya disease and the embryological evolution of the cerebral arteries. Steno-occlusive changes and progression occur in the sequence of embryological evolution of the primitive internal carotid artery in the early embryological stage. In other words, steno-occlusive changes in the cerebral arteries occur primarily near the bifurcation of the cranial and caudal divisions of the primitive internal carotid artery, evolve from the cranial division to the caudal one, and progress from the bifurcation centrifugally. Steno-occlusive changes do not occur essentially in the distal cortical branches of the primitive internal carotid artery, in any arteries in the external carotid system, which are derived from ventral pharyngeal system and primitive stapedial system, or in any cerebral arteries in the vertebrobasilar system, which are derived from the longitudinal neural arteries. These facts suggest that moyamoya disease is strongly related to the vasculogenesis of the primitive internal carotid artery and genetic factors play a major role in the clinical manifestations of moyamoya disease.