Species-Specific Effects of Microplastics On Juvenile Fishes

Microplastics contamination have been extensively reported in aquatic ecosystem and organisms. It is wildly acknowledged that the ingestion, accumulation and elimination of microplastics in fishes are species-specific, which mainly depending on the feeding behavior. This study aims to investigate the effects of microplastics on the morphology and inflammatory response in intestines of fishes with different feeding types. Largemouth bass (carnivorous fish), grass carp (herbivorous fish) and Jian carp (omnivorous fish) were used as organism model. The contributing concentration and size of microplastics are explored as well as the response time and legacy effect in fishes. Two different sizes of polystyrene microplastics (8 μm and 80 nm) were set at three concentrations. And samples were analyzed at different exposure times and depuration times. Histological analysis indicated that multiple abnormalities in intestines are presented in three species fishes after acute exposure microplastics. The mRNA abundance of immune-related genes in the intestine tissues of fishes were significantly induced or restrained. There were differential expressions of genes coping with differential sizes and concentrations of microplastics exposure in different fishes. The reason for the difference effects of microplastics on fishes was still unclear but could be due to the difference in the structure and function of the digestive system. These results provide a theoretical basis to further analysis of the mechanism of fish intestinal pathology caused by microplastics.

Schmerzmechanismen und Clinical Reasoning

Schmerz ist ein komplexes Konstrukt aus biologischen, psychologischen und sozialen Faktoren. Mit diesem CPTE-Artikel aktualisieren Sie Ihr Wissen um periphere und zentrale Schmerzmechanismen im Kontext des strukturierten Clinical-Reasoning-Prozesses. Das Mature Organism Model (MOM) verdeutlicht Ihnen die Individualität der Schmerzverarbeitung und -wahrnehmung. So verstehen Sie die individuelle Schmerzbewältigung einzelner Patient(inn)en und erkennen den Einfluss psychosozialer Faktoren. Das Fördern der Selbstwirksamkeit und ein reflektiertes Verhalten von Therapeut(inn)en sind zentrale Elemente der Therapie.

Schmerzmechanismen und Clinical Reasoning

Schmerz ist ein komplexes Konstrukt aus biologischen, psychologischen und sozialen Faktoren. Mit diesem CPTE-Artikel aktualisieren Sie Ihr Wissen um periphere und zentrale Schmerzmechanismen im Kontext des strukturierten Clinical-Reasoning-Prozesses. Das Mature Organism Model (MOM) verdeutlicht Ihnen die Individualität der Schmerzverarbeitung und -wahrnehmung. So verstehen Sie die individuelle Schmerzbewältigung einzelner Patient(inn)en und erkennen den Einfluss psychosozialer Faktoren. Das Fördern der Selbstwirksamkeit und ein reflektiertes Verhalten von Therapeut(inn)en sind zentrale Elemente der Therapie.

A tripartite cytolytic toxin formed by Vibrio cholerae proteins with flagellum-facilitated secretion

The protein MakA was discovered as a motility-associated secreted toxin from Vibrio cholerae, Here, we show that MakA is part of a gene cluster encoding four additional proteins: MakB, MakC, MakD and MakE. The MakA, MakB and MakE proteins were readily detected in culture supernatants of wild type V. cholerae whereas secretion was very much reduced from a flagellum deficient mutant. Crystal structures of MakA, MakB and MakE revealed structural relationship to a superfamily of bacterial pore-forming proteins. Cloning and expression of MakA/B/E in Escherichia coli resulted in toxicity of the bacteria towards Caenorhabditis elegans used as a predatory organism model. None of these Mak proteins alone or in pairwise combinations were cytolytic but an equimolar mixture of MakA, MakB and MakE acted as a tripartite cytolytic toxin in vitro causing lysis of erythrocytes and cytotoxicity on cultured human colon carcinoma cells. Formation of oligomeric complexes on liposomes was observed by electron microscopy. Oligomer interaction with membranes was initiated by MakA membrane binding followed by MakB and MakE joining in formation of a pore structure. A predicted membrane insertion domain of MakA was shown by site-directed mutagenesis to be essential for toxicity towards C. elegans. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that the makCDBAE gene cluster is present as a novel genomic island in the vast majority of sequenced genomes of V. cholerae and the fish pathogen V. anguillarum. We suggest that the hitherto unrecognized cytolytic MakA/B/E toxin can contribute to Vibrionaceae fitness and virulence potential in different host environments and organisms.

De la krasis présocratique à la krasis stoïcienne : l’émergence d’un modèle organique de l’individualité

This paper focuses on the materialistic account of the blending and the way it shapes an original organism model. I aim to shed light on the threads of connections we can gather between the Presocratic and the Stoic views on the physical krasis of the body. The Stoics share with Parmenides and Empedocles the idea of a single material cosmic continuum in which thought and perception depend on the various blendings of the physical constituents of the body. Both of these naturalistic traditions are committed to the view that substance is continuous and undergoes constant and qualitative change. My point is to underline how this view of a sympathetic cosmos presupposes a model of the individuality that is radically open. Thus, by taking off the notion of the krasis, the Stoics take off a problem – namely, that of the organism – that is first fleshed out by the Presocratics – Parmenides and Empedocles in particular – philosophers. In this respect, the Stoic view of relational identity indebts to the Presocratic account, beyond and against the Aristotelian one.

Whole Organism Model to Study Molecular Mechanisms of Differentiation and Dedifferentiation

Cancer recurrence has remained a significant challenge, despite advances in therapeutic approaches. In part, this is due to our incomplete understanding of the biology of cancer stem cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The phenomenon of differentiation and dedifferentiation (phenotypic switching) is not only unique to stem cells but it is also observed in several other organisms, as well as evolutionary-related microbes. Here, we propose the use of a primitive eukaryotic unicellular organism, Acanthamoeba castellanii, as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of cellular differentiation and dedifferentiation.

MODEL PENGEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SEKOLAH

Learning of Islamic Education (PAI), as a lesson containing of Islamic teachings and foundations of Islamic life, needs to be pursued through developing models for its teaching that can affect the choices, decisions, and development of the learner's life. Developing PAI model includes: a) dichotomous model; causing dualism in the education system, namely non-religious and religious education. b) mechanism model; viewing life consists of various aspects, and education is seen as an investment and development of a set of values of life, each moves and runs according to its function. c) organism model; viewing the educational activityies as a system consisting of live together and work together in an integrated manner towards a specific goal for establishment of a religious life or inspired life by religious values.

Three-dimensional artificial organism model developed upon a two-layer coarse-fine-grid network approach

In an attempt to devise a model which more closely imitates cellular biology a three-dimensional (3D) artificial organism model developed upon a two-layer coarse-fine-grid network model is proposed in this paper. The strength of this original approach is that it endeavors to capture the complexity of both the cellular networks as well as that of the biological cell itself, by implementing the internal biological phenomena of an organism into a 3D two different network topology hardware layer. In essence, this model not only keeps the full advantages of previously created 2D models that enable the implementation of similar self-replicating or selfrepairing abilities akin to those expressed by its cellular equivalents in nature, but there the inherent need of artificial cell structures to fulfill the entire role of a biological cell in the network is also expressed. Computer-aided simulation results prove that this kind of 3D coarse-fine-grid approach is well feasible physically therefore the model has been implemented into a computing platform made of custom reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) processors.