Zur Strukturanalyse Des Kampfverhaltens Bei Vulpes

A film of a serious fight between two adult male foxes is analized. 16 behaviour patterns could be discriminated. The course of the fight was divided into two phases: a) The initialphase and (b) the main phase. The behaviour during the initialphase determines the course of the main phase (serious fight, commentfight, flight). Time analyses were made for the most frequent behaviour pattern during the main phase. Two groups of behaviour are discriminated: a) the alternative behaviour, always shown alternately by one of the two partners. The meaning of alternative, in this case, is: bite-combat-behaviour, or defensive behaviour. b) simultaneous behaviour; i.e. both partners do the same. Time decision was accomplished for both behaviour-syndromes. In a quantitative analysis total SAP for each of both combat partners was measured. The numbers of the activated behaviour patterns for each period are put in relation to this SAP. In the qualitative analysis the SAP was taken for neck-bite (HB) and the antiparallel-position I (APS I). Both are put in relation to each other. Finally the principal results are discussed: I. During the initialphase of the fight two tendencies are activated: aggression and defence. One results in turning towards, the other in withdrawal from the adversary. According to the strength of both tendencies, a more or less marked cross-position results. The reactions of the attacked fox, a stranger in the territory, decides the further course of the fight. The integration between both partners is illustrated by a feedback-model. 2. In the main phase of the fight, two behaviour complexes are found, one of which is always activated. They are called: "principal coordinations" to which can be added "frame coordinations" in changeable proportions. Furthermore first and second order frame coordinations can be distinguished. The frame coordination implies the activation of a pincipal coordination. 3. The problem of shifting from one principal coordination to another is discussed. It is assumed that a phase-shifting between both combat-partners takes place, that the activation of a principal coordination is drive-reducing and that phase-discordances give the partner the possibility to change over from defence to aggression. Phase-concordance shows simultaneous behaviour (principal coordination APS I). 4. Reference is made to the individual differences between both combat-partners. 5. It is presumed, that through dropping of the SAP in one partner (inferiority), phase-changes may, occur, so that the "Regelkreis "collapses and a change of behaviour (i.e. flight) may arise.

A HIGH RESOLUTION FLAT CRYSTAL SPECTROMETER FOR NEUTRON CAPTURE γ-RAY STUDIES

A flat crystal diffraction spectrometer, constructed for the measurement of γ-rays resulting from neutron capture, is discussed both experimentally and theoretically. The spectrometer is used either as a single crystal or a double crystal instrument. In the single crystal arrangement a Laue diffracted γ-ray beam from a broad source proceeds through a Soller slit which gives it a 45-second angular divergence, to a sodium iodide scintillation detector. The energy is determined by the angle between the Soller slit and the crystal. The resolution is determined by the Soller slit, and is 4% at 1 Mev when diffracting from the (440) planes of a single germanium crystal. In the two-crystal configuration a γ-ray which is Laue diffracted from the first crystal is further diffracted from a second crystal set in the antiparallel position. The angle between the reflecting planes of the two crystals determines the γ-ray energy. The Soller slit serves only as shielding for the detector in this arrangement. The resolution depends upon the mosaics and thicknesses of the crystals; it is 0.4% at 1 Mev for diffraction from the (211) planes of two calcite crystals, each 23 mm thick and of 1.7- and 0.9-second mosaics respectively. The range of measurement extends from 80 kev to greater than 5 Mev. Where other values of γ-ray energies exist, agreement to within the expected precision, ± 0.2% is obtained. The counting efficiency as a function of energy depends on the integrated reflectivities of the crystals which may be determined at the time of a γ-ray measurement by means of the double crystal arrangement. The integrated reflectivity as a function of energy has been calculated for a number of crystals of known mosaic and throughout the range of measurement, from 0.2 to 5 Mev, good agreement is obtained.