partner exchange
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2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 470-496
Author(s):  
M. L. Reysner

The article discusses the problem of author’s interpretation of conventional patterns of the romance “genre” in the Tale about daughter of Ka‘b from the Ilahinameh by Farid ad-Din ‘Attar. In particular, it deals with the so-called “standard situations” (e.g. falling in love without seeing the partner, exchange of love letters or poems, etc.) as well as key components of structure (dialogues, monologues, descriptive portraits of main heroes). The analysis is based on the comparison of canonic elements of romance narrative in the Tale about daughter of Ka‘b with their analogies in the texts of the same “genre” of the earlier periods, including the “standard” romances by Nizami. This research reveals the influence of the ‘Uzri lyrical and narrative tradition with regard to the structure of plot of the “romance” and the ways of building up and composition of the features of the chief personage. On this background were analyzed the literary functions of the “inferior” personages, e.g. the nurse (or wet-nurse). The article is based on the translation and commentary of the Story about daughter of Ka‘b by Layla G. Lahuty.


2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Howe ◽  
Morten Schiøtt ◽  
Jacobus J Boomsma

Author(s):  
Alan Whiteside

‘What shapes epidemics’ investigates links between HIV/AIDS and certain biological, socioeconomic, and behavioural factors. The main biomedical drivers of HIV/AIDS (after contact with the virus) are the subtype of the viral strain, and the health status and genetic makeup of the exposed individual. Key behavioural factors are the age of sexual debut, sexual practices, number of partners, frequency of partner exchange, concurrency, and mixing patterns including intergenerational sex. People’s behaviour may determine their risk of infection, but behaviours result from the environment in which people live and operate, which is dependent on economics, politics, and culture. Despite the improving technical and biomedical responses, the real challenge is to reduce risk.


Given the sample bias towards Sicilian sites, it is difficult to see any consistent regional differences expressed in burial practices. The start of burial and occupation at the three north Sicilian sites at around the beginning of the Holocene however, suggests that the appearance of these practices (in the archaeological record) may be related to particular circumstances of changed mobility within, and use of, the changing landscape in this area; earlier burials are known from peninsular Italy (Mussi 1986; 1987). Although the list is necessarily incomplete and the dating is uncertainly biassed, there is a suggestion in the figures as presented that burial in caves may have been confined to, or more common in, the final LUP and earlier Mesolithic; burial practice, at least in terms of place, may have been changing by the later Mesolithic. Interestingly, caves with Epipalaeolithic burials do not show continuity of use for the same practice into the Neolithic: different sites are chosen (see below). Arguments against marked regional differentiation are the generally similar burial position, and the occurrence of identical types of perforated deer teeth from Puglia and Sicilia. The perforated tooth from the Grotta del Cavallo in Puglia probably relates to the late Romanellian, perhaps at circa 10000-8000 cal.BC; those from the Grotta Romanelli to a similar date. Equivalence of practice, of course, does not necessarily correlate with equivalence of meaning, as is suggested by the different faunal contexts of these finds. The main hunted animals in Puglia were generally equids and bovines, but deer and pig in Sicilia. Discussion Italian Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic burials have been discussed by Mussi (1986; 1987), Mussi et al. (1989) and Zampetti & Mussi (1991). Although most of the burials are from outside the study area (mostly in Liguria), Mussi (1987) includes the Grotta di San Teodoro and Grotta delPUzzo (SIC), and the Grotta del Romito (CAL). She considers differences to reflect different emphases and conditions of social reproduction (1987: 45ff). In scheme A only certain sex-age individuals were buried, perhaps related to the circumstances of their death. She suggests that male hunters are represented at the Grotta di San Teodoro (although revision now suggests three tentatively identified females: Mussi 1987: 46; Fabbri 1993). In contrast, the burials at the Grotta del Romito represent scheme C, with both males and females, reflecting increased emphasis on social reproduction through exogamy (Mussi 1987: 47-8). She also notes the apparent contemporaneity of the first occupation and burials at the Grotta di San Teodoro, and argues that this represents the "colonisation" of Sicilia at a time when it was still "almost deserted" (Mussi 1987: 47-8). A similar argument is expanded by Zampetti & Mussi (1991), in which they also consider the evidence of 'art'. They argue that in the early Late Upper Palaeolithic there were burials of high-status individuals, perhaps related to control of information and partner exchange in a sparsely-populated landscape (Mussi 1987: 156). By the final Late Upper Palaeolithic they argue that there is more evidence of concern with descent, perhaps more stabilised (partner) exchange networks, and less evidence of pre-eminent individuals in the burials (Mussi 1987: 157). Stimulating though their interpretations are, in attempting to relate burial modes to changing social organisation and mapping of the social landscape, one might criticise some of the work in detail: for example, the burials from the Grotta del Romito are difficult to visualise as partners (see below). Any interpretation must be preceded by the realisation that the sample is extremely small and is already uncertainly biassed by accidents of excavation. Only certain people may have been buried; and the survival and excavation of burial (or other disposal sites) may be skewed. Thirdly, the representation of remains within those sites may be biassed, for example by the lower survival rates of infant and child remains. However, assuming that the sample is at least partly representative of the practices surrounding the dead, the following suggestions may be made.

2016 ◽  
pp. 70-75

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (106) ◽  
pp. 20150067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Hazel ◽  
Simeone Marino ◽  
Carl Simon

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) remains a serious burden in many high-sexual-activity, undertreated populations. Using empirical data from a 2009 study of GC burden among pastoralists in Kaokoveld, Namibia, we expand the standard gonorrhoea transmission model by using locally derived sexual contact data to explore transmission dynamics in a population with high rates of partner exchange and low treatment-seeking behaviour. We use the model to generate ball-park estimates for transmission probabilities and other parameter values for low-level (i.e. less than approx. 1200 copies/20 µl PCR reaction) asymptomatic infections, which account for 74% of all GC infections found in Kaokoveld in 2009, and to describe the impact of asymptomatic, low-level infections on overall prevalence patterns. Our results suggest that GC transmission probabilities are higher than previously estimated, that untreated infections take longer to clear than previously estimated and that a high prevalence of low-level infections is partially due to larger numbers of untreated, asymptomatic infections. These results provide new insights into the natural history of GC and the challenge of syndromic management programmes for the eradication of endemic gonorrhoea.


2002 ◽  
Vol 319 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiuya He ◽  
Michael J. McIlwraith ◽  
Mary E. Burke ◽  
Martin R. Boocock ◽  
W.Marshall Stark

Behaviour ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
pp. 1005-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Geissmann

AbstractIt has repeatedly been suggested for several duetting bird and primate species that duetting might act as a reinforcement of the pair bond. Until now, it has apparently not been demonstrated that the premises underlying the pair-bonding hypothesis are met by any duetting species. Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) are monogamous apes which produce long and complex duet songs. This study analyses the changes in duet structure in two pairs of siamangs during a forced partner exchange. The duet songs of the siamangs underwent many notable changes during partner exchange. Of 33 different variants of the great call sequence, 29% in one pair and 21% in the other were restricted to the first stage just after the partner exchange. Some of these changes were certainly due to individualistic traits of the new partner, and for some other changes, this possibility cannot be reliably excluded. At least two changes, however, can only be interpreted in terms of a learning effort by which one partner adapts its duetting behaviour to that of its new mate. The two newly formed pairs of this report appear to be the first documented cases to fulfil the requirements underlying Wickler's (1980) pair-bonding hypothesis: The animals under study were showing a stable song pattern with pair-specific traits. After the partner exchange, new pair-specific traits occurred, some of them obviously achieved through a partner-directed effort of one or both individual(s). Moreover, the pair-bonding hypothesis appears to be one of the few biological functions suggested so far which could explain a high degree of duet-complexity as adaptive. However, the loudness of the siamang song alone suggests that other functions are also involved. These are most probably related to territorial advertisement, pair bond advertisement and (possibly) mate attraction.


Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huw M. Thomas ◽  
Barry J. Thomas

A spreading technique for synaptonemal complexes (SCs) was applied to pollen mother cells of two aneuploid genotypes of autotriploid Lolium multiflorum (2n = 3x + 1 = 22). In the earliest nuclei analyzed the axial elements are in six groups of 3 and one group of 4. Most groups have formed multivalents with from one to five pairing partner exchanges, but there are also groups that have formed bivalents and univalents. Some axial elements have formed triple associations, in one case for the length of the trivalent. Unsynapsed axial elements remain aligned with their homologous SCs into pachytene, but this alignment is abolished as these axes pair heterologously among themselves until the entire axial element complement is synapsed. At metaphase I most chromosomes are associated as trivalents and quadrivalents.Key words: Lolium, triploid, pairing partner exchange, chiasma, multivalent.


Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sybenga ◽  
E. Schabbink ◽  
J. van Eden ◽  
J. H. de Jong

In the tetraploid somatic hybrid between the diploid Lycopersicon species L. esculentum (tomato) and L. peruvianum, synaptonemal complexes formed quadrivalents in 73 of the 120 sets of four chromosomes (60.8%) in 10 cells studied in detail at pachytene. Of these, 43 had one pairing partner exchange, 22 had two, and 8 had three, very close to a Poisson distribution. The points of pairing partner exchange were concentrated at the middle of the two arms. The frequency per arm corresponded with physical arm length. There was a sharp drop around the centromere, and pericentric heterochromatin had a slightly lower probability of being involved in pairing partner exchange than euchromatin. The chromosomes align before pairing and there are several points of pairing initiation, with concentrations at or near the ends and the centromere. From zygotene to late pachytene the quadrivalent frequency decreased considerably. At late pachytene it was lower than expected with the observed high frequency of pairing partner exchange. Pairing affinity between species was only slightly lower than affinity within species, in spite of considerable genetic differentiation. The frequency of recombination nodules increased from early to late zygotene and then decreased strongly to full pachytene. There is a highly significant negative correlation between percent pairing and SC length. At metaphase I the frequency of quadrivalents was 0.444, and branched quadrivalents were rare, probably caused by interference and restriction of chiasma formation to distal euchromatin. Metaphase I quadrivalent frequency is a relatively good indication of pairing affinity in this material.Key words: Lycopersicon, tetraploid hybrid, synaptonemal complex, pairing partner exchange, diakinesis/metaphase I.


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