An architectural palimpsest: (Re)writing crisis-ridden Athens1

This article focuses on the Bank of Greece headquarters building in Athens, which has been a site of recurring political expression in contemporary crisis. It is based on a corpus of graffiti writings from the particular building gathered over the span of five years (2010–15), a rather politically dense period. Mapping the constant appearance, removal and reappearance of the writings through a series of architectural drawings, the aim of this article is to explore visual means of understanding graffiti as a palimpsestic phenomenon. The article is structured after the scale of the drawings – from the city scale, to the building and finally the surface – introducing an architectural method of reading and writing graffiti.

‘Far off the public stage’: Marvell’s public and private writings, 1649–65

This chapter examines Andrew Marvell’s transition from Republic to restored monarchy through his approach to manuscript circulation and print culture during this period. Mapping his output against Harold Love’s gradient of publication (where ‘strong’ implies a published text, and ‘weak’ implies anything less than private) presents a poet who took great care to limit the disclosure of his works. But Marvell’s ‘The Character of Holland’ presents a distinctive problem. Assumed to have been written in 1653 as part of a bid for preferment during the first Anglo-Dutch War, it may have remained completely private until an abridged version appeared anonymously in print in 1665. This chapter questions whether Marvell’s oft-disputed involvement with the abridged edition marks a carefully calculated return to print in a move of strategic opportunism.

Scale Implications in Studies of Landcover Change

Historical land-cover patterns may have a significant impact on ecosystem function today. To make inferences about the impacts of past land-cover, it is necessary to reconstruct historical patterns visually using data sources ranging from archival information to satellite data. We are exploring different approaches to mapping historical land-cover patterns and their impact on thematic and spatial errors. Our research is focused on three areas in the Frontenac Arch Biosphere (FAB), where we can map land-cover patterns from colonial periods to the present using a variety of data sources. Due to the long temporal scale of our work, we are using data sources collected at different spatial and thematic scales. The data sources include: settlement survey data, census, archival, aerial photos, and satellite imagery. To create maps comparing land-use patterns across time, all of these data sources need to be converted to a common scale.Settlement survey data were converted to maps by classifying colonial concession maps into different land-cover types based on surveyor notes. Air photos (1920, 1940, 1960, and 1980) were digitized at a scale of 1:5000 using the same land classes as were used for the colonial period mapping. Satellite data were used to map land-cover in 2008. We are quantifying errors associated with aggregating and disaggregating data in order to create maps at common spatial resolution.Results from our work will provide estimates of land-cover change over a 200 year period and will include estimates or errors associated with changing the spatial scale of various land-cover sources.

Introduction to Variations of Hodge Structure

This chapter emphasizes the theory of abstract variations of Hodge structure (VHS) and, in particular, their asymptotic behavior. It first studies the basic correspondence between local systems, representations of the fundamental group, and bundles with a flat connection. The chapter then turns to analytic families of smooth projective varieties, the Kodaira–Spencer map, Griffiths' period map, and a discussion of its main properties: holomorphicity and horizontality. These properties motivate the notion of an abstract VHS. Next, the chapter defines the classifying spaces for polarized Hodge structures and studies some of their basic properties. Finally, the chapter deals with the asymptotics of a period mapping with particular attention to Schmid's orbit theorems.

Period Domains and Period Mappings

This chapter seeks to develop a working understanding of the notions of period domain and period mapping, as well as familiarity with basic examples thereof. It first reviews the notion of a polarized Hodge structure H of weight n over the integers, for which the motivating example is the primitive cohomology in dimension n of a projective algebraic manifold of the same dimension. Next, the chapter presents lectures on period domains and monodromy, as well as elliptic curves. Hereafter, the chapter provides an example of period mappings, before considering Hodge structures of weight. After expounding on Poincaré residues, this chapter establishes some properties of the period mapping for hypersurfaces and the Jacobian ideal and the local Torelli theorem. Finally, the chapter studies the distance-decreasing properties and integral manifolds of the horizontal distribution.

Language and Motor Mapping During Resection of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Indications, Feasibility, and Utility

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical resection of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) located in the language and motor cortex is associated with the risk of neurological deterioration, yet electrocortical stimulation mapping has not been widely used. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the usefulness of intraoperative mapping with language/motor AVMs. METHODS: During an 11-year period, mapping was used in 12 of 431 patients (2.8%) undergoing AVM resection (5 patients with language and 7 patients with motor AVMs). Language mapping was performed under awake anesthesia and motor mapping under general anesthesia. RESULTS: Identification of a functional cortex enabled its preservation in 11 patients (92%), guided dissection through overlying sulci down to the nidus in 3 patients (25%), and influenced the extent of resection in 4 patients (33%). Eight patients (67%) had complete resections. Four patients (33%) had incomplete resections, with circumferentially dissected and subtotally disconnected AVMs left in situ, attached to areas of eloquence and with preserved venous drainage. All were subsequently treated with radiosurgery. At follow-up, 6 patients recovered completely, 3 patients were neurologically improved, and 3 patients had new neurological deficits. CONCLUSION: Indications for intraoperative mapping include preoperative functional imaging that identifies the language/motor cortex adjacent to the AVM; larger AVMs with higher Spetzler-Martin grades; and patients presenting with unruptured AVMs without deficits. Mapping identified the functional cortex, promoted careful tissue handling, and preserved function. Mapping may guide dissection to AVMs beneath the cortical surface, and it may impact the decision to resect the AVM completely. More conservative, subtotal circumdissections followed by radiosurgery may be an alternative to observation or radiosurgery alone in patients with larger language/motor cortex AVMs.