Fooled by facts: quantifying anchoring bias through a large-scale experiment

Through a large-scale online field experiment, we provide new empirical evidence for the presence of the anchoring bias in people’s judgement due to irrational reliance on a piece of information that they are initially given. The comparison of the anchoring stimuli and respective responses across different tasks reveals a positive, yet complex relationship between the anchors and the bias in participants’ predictions of the outcomes of events in the future. Participants in the treatment group were equally susceptible to the anchors regardless of their level of engagement, previous performance, or gender. Given the strong and ubiquitous influence of anchors quantified here, we should take great care to closely monitor and regulate the distribution of information online to facilitate less biased decision making.

THE VERB IN CONTEMPORARY ARABIC

We have inherited an Arabic language with a long history that was rich in a great ‎wealth of words, words, structures and different styles, and many materials were ‎prepared for it from the reasons for sophistication that were used to keep pace with ‎the ages. From colloquial expressions, wrong words and styles such as verbs, nouns, ‎derivatives and plurals.‎ The structures of verbs in linguistic blogs have received great care and clear ‎attention, because verb is a fertile material that has enriched the language with ‎countless words through derivation and addition. That is why scholars called them ‎buildings, and most of the knowledge of the Qur’an and Sunnah is inferred by their ‎knowledge.‎ The verb in contemporary Arabic has proceeded in many directions, some of which is ‎correct and acceptable, because it came in accordance with the rules of the ‎language, and did not violate its analogy, and some of them were not acceptable, ‎because they violate the rules of the language and its origins, and it is necessary to ‎warn about the places of error in it, and to respond to pens and tongues. To the ‎correct eloquent one of its buildings, we thought that we present in this research the ‎trends of the development of the verb in contemporary Arabic, so we dealt with its ‎formulation, its significance, its transgression and its necessity, and its conjugation ‎with prepositions, and we have clarified the error in the uses of writers, orators and ‎writers of these verbs in their different conjugations.

COVID-19 Diffusion Before Awareness: The Role of Football Match Attendance in Italy

Anecdotal evidence suggests that football matches may have played a role in the spread of COVID-19 all over Europe. Nevertheless, from a scientific point of view, the impact of football matches on the spread of COVID-19 remains unclear. In this paper we study, via a quantitative analysis, the case of Italy, a country badly affected by COVID, and one where attending football matches is very popular. We consider the impact of matches played in January and February 2020 on the dynamic of the pandemic in March and April the same year. Our results, which consider all levels of Italian professional football, and the highest level of amateur football, show that matches played in January and February had an impact on the evolution of the pandemic in March and April. These results suggest that great care must be taken before considering re-opening stadia.

Evaluating Homeownership as the Solution to Wealth Inequality

Homeownership presents an opportunity to accumulate wealth, making it an appealing vehicle for reducing wealth inequality. In this Commentary, we explore the investment side of homeownership. The opportunity for leveraged returns can lead to wealth gains among lower-income households; however, we note that homeownership for low-income homeowners carries three types of risk that are higher for them than for high-income homeowners: location, timing, and liquidity. Thus, policies that incentivize purchasing homes to reduce wealth inequality or close racial wealth gaps should be adopted only after great care has been taken to protect against these risks.

Is the destruction or removal of atmospheric methane a worthwhile option?

Removing methane from the air is possible, but do the costs outweigh the benefits? This note explores the question of whether removing methane from the atmosphere is justifiable. Destruction of methane by oxidation to CO 2 eliminates 97% of the warming impact on a 100-yr time scale. Methane can be oxidized by a variety of methods including thermal or ultraviolet photocatalysis and various processes of physical, chemical or biological oxidizers. Each removal method has energy costs (with the risk of causing embedded CO 2 emission that cancel the global warming gain), but in specific circumstances, including settings where air with high methane is habitually present, removal may be competitive with direct efforts to cut fugitive methane leaks. In all cases however, great care must be taken to ensure that the destruction has a net positive impact on the total global warming, and that the resources required would not be better used for stopping the methane from being emitted. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 2)’.

Solidarity and Impact of 2009 Situ Gintung Disaster-Based Value System to Raise Awareness of Disaster Resilience and the Environment

Originally a natural lake of marshland, Situ Gintung was later created to benefit the local community. This lake fell in 2009 due to its inability to withstand the rushing water. This tragedy impacted many sociological and economic aspects of society. The purpose of this study is to assess the value system’s impact on the interview and observation process. The study took place near Situ Gintung. The study ran from March through June 2011. Among the informants were victims of the Situ Gintung disaster, local inhabitants who knew the history of Situ Gintung, and the South Tangerang Regional Government. This study’s findings imply that people’s concern for one another is expanding. It has shown great care and togetherness via cooperation, community service, and attending neighbors’ weddings. Residents, on the other hand, tend to take care of their own requirements, whether family or personal. These residents are citizens that stay in touch with or greet their neighbors when needed. In the event of a future natural disaster, the community will come together to help and understand.

Overdetermination and subjective revision in Dong Kena's "Small Grass on the Kunlun Mountain"

Unfairness of the world appears nearly everywhere. It can be said as daily in our life. All this unfairness comes from discrimination. For many people, discrimination is an everyday reality. Discrimination is the unfair and prejudicial treatment that people and groups receive based on characteristics. Discrimination is based upon the primary requirement of difference. Only when difference appear over a group of people, discrimination shows its place. Discrimination comes from natural gifts that people are born with. Gender is the different for everyone. Every human is born with a gender assigned to. It’s whether, man or woman. Nevertheless, women are proven physically weaker than men. Science has proven their bodies to anatomically difference in return. Women are not only weaker in physical strength, but also are spiritually weaker. Eve was targeted by the serpent simply because she was the weaker vessel spiritually. With the different brain function, women are easily deceived, fantasists, and more emotional. These terms can especially drop atop love. Empty words, imagine, dreaming, and expression of emotions. Walking on a different branch of emotion, women are mentally weaker. The bible says women are the weaker vessels for a reason, we are also fragile mentally, and we are to be treated with great care and love to avoid breaking. Containing these natural discriminations, women receive unfair treatments from the world and the society.

Generic Pharmaceuticals as a Source of Diuretic Contamination in Athletes Subject to Sport Drug Testing

This paper describes nine instances of positive anti-doping tests that could be accounted for by the use of permitted generic prescription drugs contaminated with diuretics, which are prohibited in sport at all times under the WADA Prohibited List. The contamination levels found in the medications are reported and were below FDA limits for manufacturers that are based primarily on safety considerations. These cases demonstrate that great care must be taken to identify the source of low-level anti-doping positives for diuretics reported by WADA-accredited laboratories, and possibly other prohibited substances as well, in order to avoid sanctioning innocent athletes. An evaluation of the cases in this paper supports an approach which establishes a laboratory minimum reporting level (MRL) for diuretics found most commonly in medications. A global consensus after extensive review of similar anti-doping cases has resulted in implementation of a recently announced solution regarding potential diuretic contamination cases.

Reasons for the scientific tours of Andalusians scientists to the Islamic East in the (7th and 8th A.H/13th and 14th AD)

The relationship between the different parts of Islamic society in the middle ages had been in many various forms and in different ways, one of the strongest ways of building relationships in that era was cultural relations, which were given a great importance among Muslims, and were critical reasons for creating social, scientific and knowledge mixing, so scientific tour was the most common way of creating relationships in that era, not only among students but among all scholars and Muslims and they took a great care to do such tours, That's why by Muslim historians and biographers , great attention has been focused on the lives of scientists and the ways of getting science in that historic era. We, as a researcher, have also focused on a specific historical period on the reasons of scientific tours between the two designated regions of the Islamic world in the (7th and 8th A.H/13th and 14th AD) centuries, which was done by scholars from Andalusia to the East of Islamic. In the contexts of this research, we have mentioned the reasons and motivators of scientific, who have mad these Andalusian tours to the most famous scientific centers of the Islamic world in that era.

Refractory iatrogenic pigmentary glaucoma secondary to cosmetic laser treatment: A case report

Purpose To report a case of bilateral iatrogenic pigmentary glaucoma secondary to cosmetic iris-lightening laser treatment. Case report A 39-year-old patient presented with bilateral iatrogenic pigmentary glaucoma. She had elevated intraocular pressures (IOPs), scattered iris pitting, and intense angle pigmentation secondary to the cosmetic laser treatment she underwent 4 weeks prior to presentation. Her IOPs were refractory to maximal medical treatment and she subsequently underwent trabeculectomy. Conclusion The true scale of complications related to cosmetic laser treatments is as yet unknown. Robust clinical investigations into its safety profile, including long-term data, are required. Prospective patients should consider this with great care. Clinicians should be aware of the potential risks of this procedure, as early recognition of cosmetic laser-induced pigmentary glaucoma may avert further sequelae.