Gastric mucosal function in portal hypertensive gastropathy secondary to schistosomal hepatic fibrosis: effect of sclerotherapy

Gastric mucosal function in portal hypertensive gastropathy secondary to schistosomal hepatic fibrosis [SHF] was evaluated. Group I comprised 20 patients with no bleeding;10 had portal hypertensive gastropathy [PHG]. Group II comprised 20 patients with bleeding. Free acidity, total acidity, basal acid output, serum pepsinogen I, gastric mucosal blood flow [GMBF] and gastrin were significantly lower in group II, whereas serum gastrin and somatostatin staining were significantly higher. No histopathological changes were noted between both groups, In conclusion, bleeding caused by SHF results in hypoacidity, hypergastrinaemia and hypopepsinogenaemia. Estimated GMBF distinguishes patients with PHG and those who are bleeders

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (Pbl) Dengan Menggunakan Media Power Point Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Larutan Asam Basa

Penelitian quasi eksperiment ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh hasil belajar siswa yang diajar menggunakan model PBL(Problem based learning)dengan media power pointdan tanpa media power point pada larutan asam basa. Populasi seluruh siswa (3 kelas XI) SMA Budi Agung Medan ,sampel diambil 2 kelas secara random sampling (XIIPA3kelas eksperimen dan XI IPA2kontrol). Pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen tes bentuk objektif sebanyak 22 soalsudah valid. Pengolahan data diperoleh rata-rata pre-test kelas eksperimen 26,07 dan kelas kontrol33,03; rata-rata post-testeksperimen 64,5 dan kontrol 63,21. Uji normalitas berdistribusi normal χ2 hitung <χ2 tabel, ; kedua sampel homogen (Fhitung< Ftabel;1,077455< 1,9775). Gain hasil belajar kimia siswa eksperimen > kelas kontrol;52,38% >45,72 %. Uji hipotesis pada α = 0,05 diperoleh thitung> ttabel: 0,949>0,6794;artinya Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak. Disimpulkan bahwa hasil belajar kimia siswa pada materi larutan asam basa dengan PBL dan media power point lebih tinggi dari PBL tanpa media power point , dan aspek kognitif yang paling berkembang adalah C3 (aplikasi) sebesar 58 %. This quasi-experimental study aimed to determine the effect of student learning outcomes taught using problem based learning (PBL) models with and without power points media and on acid-base solutions. The population was all students (3 XI grade) of SMA Budi Agung Medan. The samples were 2 classes taken by random sampling (XI IPA3 as experiment class and XI IPA2 as control class). The data were collected using objective test as the instrument with 22 valid data. The data processing obtained was the average pre-test experimental class of 26.07 and the control class of 33.03; mean post-test experiment of 64.5 and controls of 63.21. The normality test was normally distributed χ2 count <χ2 table; both samples were homogeneous (F count <Ftable; 1.077455 <1.9775). Gain of chemistry learning outcomes of experimental students was higher than control class; 52.38%>45.72%. Hypothesis testing at α = 0.05 was obtained by using t count> t table: 0.949> 0.6794; meaning Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. It was concluded that students' chemistry learning outcomes in basal acid solution material with PBL and power point media were higher than PBL without power point media, and the most developed cognitive aspect was C3 (application) by 58%.

A Man with Diarrhea

ABSTRACT Diarrhea, a common presenting complaint which we come across in our day‑to‑day practice, is often self‑limited but can be challenging at times. Here, we report one such patient. A 54‑year‑old male presented with diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, and weight loss. Routine blood and stool examination was not helpful. A colonoscopy done elsewhere showed a fistulous opening in the anal canal for which he underwent a fistulectomy. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed severe esophagitis, multiple duodenal ulcers, and a fundic gland polyp from which biopsies were taken. The fundic gland polyp showed oxyntic gland hyperplasia. Basal acid output and serum fasting gastrin subsequently measured were also high. A diagnosis of Zollinger–Ellison syndrome was made, and the patient was started on high‑dose proton‑pump inhibitors, to which he had excellent response. Repeat endoscopy showed resolutions of all lesions. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and DOTA (Gallium (68Ga) DOTA-TATE) scan revealed a tumor in the duodenum and pylorus, respectively. On surgical exploration, the tumor was identified in the second part of the duodenum and was removed. The patient has remained asymptomatic since then.

Advances in Understanding How Heavy Metal Pollution Triggers Gastric Cancer

With the development of industrialization and urbanization, heavy metals contamination has become a major environmental problem. Numerous investigations have revealed an association between heavy metal exposure and the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer. The mechanisms of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, and arsenic) contamination leading to gastric cancer are concluded in this review. There are four main potential mechanisms: (1) Heavy metals disrupt the gastric mucosal barrier by decreasing mucosal thickness, mucus content, and basal acid output, thereby affecting the function of E-cadherin and inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage. (2) Heavy metals directly or indirectly induce ROS generation and cause gastric mucosal and DNA lesions, which subsequently alter gene regulation, signal transduction, and cell growth, ultimately leading to carcinogenesis. Exposure to heavy metals also enhances gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis. (3) Heavy metals inhibit DNA damage repair or cause inefficient lesion repair. (4) Heavy metals may induce other gene abnormalities. In addition, heavy metals can induce the expression of proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) and microRNAs, which promotes tumorigenesis. The present review is an effort to underline the human health problem caused by heavy metal with recent development in order to garner a broader perspective.