Diagnosis and classification of Mirizzi syndrome

Objective. To determine the factors, predisposing to development of Mirizzi syndrome; to improve diagnosis and classification of it, taking into account of these factors and possibilities to apply a definite kind of endoscopic or operative treatment. Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis was done for results of treatment of 21 patients with Mirizzi syndrome: Type I in accordance to classification of McSherry (1982) was present in 7 patients, while a Type II - in 14. Results. There was established, that atypia (the variant anatomy) of the ductus cysticus localization predisposes for contact between hepaticocholedochus and a gallbladder of with ductus cysticus, leading to development of Mirizzi syndrome Types I and II. Squeezing (Type I) or fistula (Type II) are observed on any level of hepaticocholedochus. In syndrome of Mirizzi Type II the duct distal to fistula may be not dilated (Subtype IIA) or dilated (Subtype IIB). Conclusion. Atypia (the variant anatomy) of the ductus cysticus duct constitute a factor, promoting development of Mirizzi syndrome. While diagnostic process for Mirizzi syndrome it is necessary to take into account a localization of squeezing of hepaticocholedochus or of fistula, presence of atypia of the ductus cysticus and its stump localization, character of the gallbladder inflammation, quantity and size of calculi. Proposition to include the Types IIA and IIB II in Mirizzi syndrome, depending on the dilation degree present in hepaticocholedochus distally, to the fistula, constitutes a substantiated principle, because it takes into account a possibility to perform endoscopic lithoextraction and to impact the choice of the surgical treatment method.

Medallic Art in Russia XVIII c.

Summary: The article is dedicated to the history of medalic art of Russia since the time of its appearance at the boundary 17–18 cc. and its further developing as a definite kind of art in the course of the century. In 1701 a new Mint began its work in Moscow in Kadashev sloboda. For some period of time it was the main Mint issuing coins and medals. Among the engravers working there the first place belongs to Fedor Alekseev who was the leading medalist since 1701. Afterwards the leading initiative was given to foreign masters who had come to work for Russia. The first foreign medalists working on Russian services were Frenchman Solomon Gouin and Saxon G. Haupt. During the whole part of the first quarter of 18 c. Russian medalic works were signed by foreign craftsmen. The series of medals in memory of the North war performed by the German medalist Ph.G. Mueller and left a noticeable trace in the development of Russian medalic art. Medals of the first quarter of 18 c. reflected the successful events of Russia in the North war most fully but very few medals were devoted to the home life of the country. Medals of the first quarter of 18 c. served as the firm foundation for further development of the Russian medalic art. In 30–40s years the leading place at the Russian Mints was occupied by foreign medalists. Chief medalist was Dane Anton Shultz who was engaged not only in cutting dies but also taught Russian masters. The main service of I.G. Waechter rendered to the Russian medalic art consists in the further widening of artistic possibilities of medals. Virtuosity of ability to use technique, the accuracy in the gradation of the relief, fine feeling of light and shade allowed the artist to create such pictorial relief that is always connected with his name in the Russian medalic art. Together with the artists already spoken about, Russian masters work professionally too. The creative work of two medalists Tymophey Ivanov and Samoilo Yudin is very important. The circle of Russian medalists of 18 c. is completed by Karl Leberecht. By his creative work he realized the transition to a new period of medalic art – classicism. In the first half of the 18 c. medals immortalized a small number of important events and ruling monarchs, but in the second half of the century the medallic art began to aspire to reflect the events in many fields of historical life of Russia much wider. This tendency became stronger in the 19 c. when medals issue increased.

Contemporary approach to the understanding of the notion of “beautiful” as an aesthetic category

The author elaborates the idea of modern aesthetics that the notion of beautiful is not a fundamental category of modern art and modern philosophy of art. Under the direct influence of science and arts modern philosophy has added to the categories such notions as probability, absurdity, the mundane, the understanding etc. On the other hand a new understanding of society and man prompted the introduction of such categories as lifeworld, fear, solitariness, care, doubt, language games etc. It has become evident that many categories are not only blurred but rather heterogeneous, thus the system of categories is something to be referred to with considerable reservations. The article proposes a preliminary definition and interpretation of the beautiful and the main principles of the analysis of the beautiful. In the most general and tentative terms the beautiful can be defined as something that complies with the idea of beauty accepted in a given society or civilization. Ideas of beauty can vary from culture to culture and from civilization to civilization. This is no to say that certain, albeit few, objects cannot be considered beautiful throughout many historical epochs. Standards of beauty as well as social standards in general, do not refer to any object but only to certain types of objects. Consequently beautiful is always beautiful of a kind. Beauty in general does not exist, there are only beautiful objects of a definite kind. The article maintains that there are at least three reasons why the beautiful cannot be verbally defined. The first is methodological, the second is social and the third is related to the peculiarities of the beautiful itself, primarily it sensual nature. In the first place the degree of clarity of scientific notions depends on the level of the development of science. The scientific study of arts is a never-ending venture. And while it continues, its categories and in particular the category of the beautiful will require clarification.

Нуклеация и рост зародышей новой фазы в гетерогенных реакциях

Expressions for the nucleation and growth rates for condensed particles in a heterogeneous reaction of a definite kind have been derived, which allows the kinetics of the formation of the condensed phase in some complex systems to be described. Methods of the classical nucleation theory and an assumption about the reaction development mechanism were used.

TO THE СOMPETENCE OF LECTURER, AS A LEADER: CRITERIA OF EFFICIENCY

Today, there are several dozen definitions of the term "competence". I propose calling competence any measurable characteristic of a person, which allows him to be effective in a definite kind of activity. And the set of necessary competencies forms professional competence.

System semantics of explanatory dictionaries

System semantics of explanatory dictionariesSome semantic properties of the language to be followed from the structure of lexicographical systems of big explanatory dictionaries are considered. The hyperchains and hypercycles are determined as the definite kind of automorphisms of the lexicographical system of explanatory dictionary. Some semantic consequencies following from the principles of lexicographic closure and lexicographic completeness are investigated using the hyperchains and hypercycles formalism. The connection between the hypercyle properties of the lexicographical system semantics and Goedel’s incompleteness theorem is discussed.

Threatened vascular plants of the Sudeten Mountains

The authors present a list of extinct, dying out and threatened species of vascular plants of the Sudeten Mts. (south-western Poland), based on their own field studies carried out since 1972, historical literature data, and herbarial collections. The list comprises 584 taxa, i.e. almost 33% of the Sudeten vascular flora. Sixty species were recognized as extinct and disappeared, 93 - as critically endangered, 161 - as endangered, 224 - vulnerable, and 12 - near threatened species. No definite kind of threat was ascribed to 34 taxa. Thus they were included in the group of ,data deficient" species. The paper presents also a quantitative analysis of all the species from the particular threat categories at the background of basic phytosociological groups. Besides, exemplary maps of the distribution of some of the Sudeten plants are given.

Ship waves: their variation with certain systematic changes of form

1. The following paper is an examination, by analysis and by curves, of a single definite problem in wave profiles. Consider a ship model, of great draught, in which at some point in the form, at bow, stern or shoulders, for example, there is a sharp corner giving a sudden change of slope of the hori­zontal lines of the model. What is the effect on the wave profile of replacing this sudden change by a gradual change of slope of the same total amount, but distributed uniformly over any given length of the ship’s form ? Apart from direct applications, the problem is suggested by certain other considera­tions. In comparing theoretical and experimental resistance curves, I sug­gested some years ago an indirect effect of the friction belt along the sides of the ship in that it may be equivalent to smoothing out the lines of the model, especially towards the stern. From an examination of interference effects with experimental models, it has been estimated that the effective length of the model is roughly 8 per cent, greater than the actual length, and this may probably be ascribed to some such frictional effect. The present paper deals with wave profiles since measurements of surface elevation are now becoming available, though the main results so far are for a simple model with straight lines and sharp corners; such a form simplifies the calculations but no doubt introduces other complications in practice, and a small correction for the smoothing effect of a friction belt would not be likely to account for the remain­ing differences between calculation and observation. It must be noted, moreover, that there are other approximations in the theory, apart from the neglect of fluid friction, but these need not be discussed here. For these reasons no attempt has been made to apply the results of the present paper directly to experimental data, but it is hoped that the progressive series of curves will be of interest in showing the changes in profile due to successive changes of form of a definite kind.