An Association between COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses accountable for initiating severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Common Cold, etc. Studies have found a certainly available development severity about covid epidemic over rising in blood glucose level sufferers. There is the effect of functioning dextrose equilibrium, rawness, change-resistant level together with a start regarding this peptide-aldosterone method (RAAS) caused by possible infective connection in the middle of SARS-CoV-2 along with insulin-dependent diabetes. Your chance regarding come to have extremely unwell against SARS-CoV-2 live probable via occurring minor whether you all are blood glucose level crop up controlled. Experience coronary illness either more difficulty over inclusion on rising in blood glucose level would intensify this likeliness on obtaining solemnly sick by SARS-CoV-2, similar to another fervid contamination, on account of additional compared to only situation build that solid as you all are physique directed toward opposing this contamination. Growing contamination would too expand swelling, either inner bump, rising humans accompanied by a rise in blood glucose level, above-target blood sugars can also be the cause of that, and more severe complications can happen due to that inflammation. Instead of the other side, recently developed rise in glucose blood level and extreme catabolic difficulties regarding the previous rise in blood glucose level, as well as ketoacidosis diabetic including non-ketotic hyperglycemia considering whichever unusually excessive shots regarding hypoglycaemic agent come about validate, turned out to be seen within sufferer of SARS-CoV-2. In Hindustan throughout this, another upsurge regarding this SARS-CoV-2, seeing that unparalleled gush over patient regarding black fungus took place were seen: resistance down-regulation give rise to Covid-19 along with this utilization regarding effective against a wide range of organisms along with glucocorticoids-specific convalescent which is a dully restrained rise in blood glucose level along the ketoacidosis—are to be expected be obliged to come up with up to mutiny. SARS-CoV-2 comes behind alongside black fungus shore extreme risk bloodshed rate along with opportune observation, fungicidal treatment, cruel incision, the usually surgical removal of lacerated left important element of this operation.

INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDAL TREATMENT ON YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT

In 2017-2019, studies were carried out in the Republic of Tatarstan to study the effect of fungicidal treatment on the yield and grain quality of new varieties of winter wheat. The experiment scheme provided for the study of the following options: variety (factor A) - Darina, Nadezhda, Universiade; fungicidal treatment with Titul Duo at a dose of 0.25 l / ha in the heading phase (factor B), years (factor C). The predecessor is pure steam. The soil in the experiment was gray forest, medium loamy. Content in the arable layer: humus (according to Tyurin) - 3.1-3.4%; pHsal. - 5.2-5.5; K2O (according to Kirsanov) - 122-145 mg / kg of soil, P2O5 (according to Kirsanov) - 262-271 mg / kg of soil. Plot area - 25 m2. The yield and quality of grain largely depend on the phytosanitary state of winter wheat crops, in particular, on the development of diseases. The prevalence and harmfulness of leaf-stem diseases in wheat largely depends on the temperature conditions during the growing season of the crop and on the moisture conditions. As a result of the development of diseases, there is a significant decrease not only in yield, but also a deterioration in the quality characteristics of wheat grain. The highest percentage of prevalence (85%) and intensity of development (45.7%) of powdery mildew was observed in the Universiade variety. Evaluation of plants showed a low lesion of the leaf surface by leaf rust: from 18.6% in the Nadezhda variety to 24.6% in the Universiade variety. The biological effectiveness of protective measures in winter wheat crops when treated with a fungicide has been calculated. On average for varieties for three years, the biological effectiveness of the use of the drug Title Duo was more than 90%. The fungicide treatment increased the yield on average for the studied varieties by 0.55 t / ha. The maximum increase in grain yield was obtained for the Universiade variety - 0.68 t / ha. Indicators of technological quality of grain with an average for varieties increased after treatment with fungicide sowing: weight of 1000 grains per 2.2 grams; grain nature by 5.4 g / l; glassiness by 2.6%; evenness by 1.4%; the wet gluten content is 1.6%. According to the results of analysis of variance, a significant influence of the conditions of the year on the indicators of the technological quality of grain was established: on the nature of the grain (56.8%), the total glassiness of the grain (51.43%), the mass of 1000 grains (51.4%) and the gluten deformation index (52.37%). To a lesser extent, environmental conditions influenced the evenness of the grain (22.0%) and the mass fraction of gluten in the grain (21.66%). At the same time, the contribution of the fungicide to the formation of indicators of the technological quality of grain varied from 7.69% (grain evenness) to 32.43% (gluten content). The grain nature by 14.99% was determined by the fungicidal treatment of crops and only by 10.61% depended on the genotype

Studies on the effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid on post-harvest quality and shelf life of tomato fruit Cv. Abhinav

An investigative research experiment was undertaken to study the effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid on tomato fruit of Cv. Abhinav during its storage period at 24oC. The fresh tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) of Cv. Abhinav were harvested at the proper stage of physiological maturity. The fruits were washed thoroughly with clean water followed by fungicidal treatment of 500 ppm benomyl before salicylic acid treatment. Thereafter, the fungicide treated tomato fruits were subdivided into four different lots and then immersed in salicylic acid (SA) solutions at 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm concentrations for 30 mins respectively and kept for storage studies along with control fruits. During the storage period, the observations were recorded at frequent intervals for various physico-chemical parameters in which tomatoes treated at 200ppm salicylic acid concentration found significant with respect to the lower physiological loss in weight (10.3%), a gradual increase in TSS and colour (h) from 1.4 to 3.3oBrix and -3.63 to 2.59 respectively. Moreover, the considerable decrease was observed in titrable acidity from 1.34 to 0.14%, Ascorbic Acid (SA) content from 73.14 to 22.10 mg/100 g and texture in terms of firmness decreased from 354 to 96 gf. The total phenolic content of 200 ppm salicylic acid treated tomatoes showed a gradual decrease from 3.79 to 3.14 mg GAE/g and lycopene content increased slowly from 7.01 to 12.31 mg/100 g therefore, found significant as compared to rest of the treatments and control fruits.

The Biofungicide Activity of Some Plant Essential Oils for the Cleaner Production of Model Linen Fibers Similar to Those Used in Ancient Egyptian Mummification

In this work, the essential oils (EOs) from Eriocephalus africanus leaf, Vitex agnus-castus leaf and fruit, Cymbopogon citratus leaf, and Rosmarinus officinalis leaf were used as antifungal agents against isolated Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium chrysogenum from an ancient Egyptian child’s mummy. The isolated fungi were used to colonize the samples of linen fibers. The best oil was used as a novel natural product for the cleaner production of model linen fibers similar to those used in ancient Egyptian mummification. Standard and original linen fibers were compared with the infected Linen samples using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The FTIR revealed the changes in the molecular structure of the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of the infected linen fibers. The cellulose crystallinity indices decreased to 64.61%, 52.69%, and 54.63% in the linen inoculated with A. flavus, C. cladosporioides, and P. chrysogenum compared to the control sample (72.08%), thereby affecting the chemical properties of the cellulose. The mycelia inhibition percentages of the three fungi reached 100% after the leaf EO from V. agnus-castus was applied, followed by C. citratus. The V. agnus-castus leaf EO applied at contraptions of 250, 500, 50, 1000, and 2000 µL/mL showed 100% inhibition for A. flavus and P. chrysogenum and reached 100% against C. cladosporioides at concentrations of 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 µL/mL. C. citratus leaf essential oil applied at concentrations of 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 µL/mL showed 100% inhibition to the growth of A. flavus and C. cladosporioides and reached 100% inhibition against the growth of P. chrysogenum at concentrations of 750, 1000 and 2000 µL/mL. This inhibition could be related to the main compounds of caryophyllene (23.13%), eucalyptol (20.59%), sabinene (β-thujene) (12.2%), γ-elemene (9%), and β-farnesene (6.14%) identified in V. agnus-castus leaf EO or due to the main compounds of β-citral (43.63%) and geranial (41.51%), as identified in the leaf EO of C. citratus by GC/MS. The morphological changes in the hyphae of the fungi were observed via SEM examination, where V. agnus-castus leaf EO, the best active oil, showed potent inhibition to fungi grown on the model linen fiber. In this way, the morphology and the structure of the hyphae were effectively changed. Our findings prove that the designed model linen fiber treated with V. agnus-castus leaf EO is able to preserve wrapping fibres and represents a novel natural alternative for effective fungicidal treatment.

Uniform application for protection of a tomato from root rots in an open ground of the middle Russia region

Relevance. Significant harm to the culture of tomato, speaking about the middle Russia open ground plantations, is caused by fungal diseases, among which the most common are Fusarium wilt, late blight, alternariosis. To reduce the harmfulness of diseases, it is important to create stable and precocious hybrids that can give most of the crop before the mass development of diseases occurs. The complex system of protection includes preventive measures, the use of growth regulators possessing protective and stimulating action, application of biological preparations and fungicidal treatment. In terms of epiphytotic diseases, the most effective are chemicals, among which the increasing use get multipurpose products, involving several antifungal ingredients.Methods. The article presents the test results of the Uniform fungicide (321,7 g/l Аsoxystrobin + 123,7 g/l to Мefenoxam) against root rot of open ground tomato culture, grown in Moscow region. The estimation of biological and economic efficiency of Uniform application depending on the rate of consumption and multiplicity of treatments was carried out. The tomato Donskoy F1 hybrid, grown on drip irrigation, was used in experiments. Threefold background mode treatment of plants against late blight was carried out by fungicide Revus Top: at the onset of the first symptoms of the disease and hereinafter with 14 days intervals. Flow rate was 0.5 l/ha with solution consumption reaching 200 l/ha. Treatment of tomato plants by Uniform fungicide was performed by watering at the root under the flow rates of 0.9 l/ha and 1.5 l/ha and solution consumption of 200 l/ha. First application of seedlings was performed when planting, the second – 20 days after the first. The area of experimental plots was 20 m2, area of account plots was 10 m2. The repetition of account monitoring was fourfold.Results. The best results were achieved when using Uniform at the rate of 1.5 l/ha by root watering during transplanting and repeatedly at 20 days intervals. An increase in survival rate of seedlings, reduction of incidence of root rot by 81.2-86.9% and tomato yield increase by 29.7% to control under the influence of Uniform treatments were observed.

Pre-Storage Fungicidal Treatment Effects on Prevalence of Seed-Borne Fungi and Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed

Effect of pre-storage fungicidal treatment on prevalence of seed-borne fungi and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds was evaluated under laboratory condition. Seeds were treated separately with five fungicides namely Bavistin 50 WP (Carbendazim) and Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb) @ 2.2 g/kg, Homai (Thiophanate) and Rovral (Iprodione) @ 2.0 g/kg and Provax-200 (Carboxin) @ 3.0 g/kg of seeds before storage. Prevalence of seed-borne fungi, percent seeds germination and vigor index were evaluated just before storage, 75 and 150 days after storage. Fungicides produced significant negative impact on seed-borne fungi and positive impact in maintaining quality during storage. Provax-200, Rovral, Dithane M-45 and Bavistin effectively reduced seed-borne fungi and performed better for germination and vigor of seeds. Seed treatment with Provax-200, Rovral, Bavistin or Dithane M-45 would therefore be suggested as effective fungicides to control seed-borne fungal infection and maintain better germination and vigor of onion seed in storage.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 52-58

Reduction of Gray Mold with Preharvest Applications of Potassium Tetraborate in Greenhouse Tomato

Potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate, K2B4O7⋅4H2O (PTB), was assessed as a preharvest spray in the greenhouse for reducing gray mold of tomato fruit caused by Botrytis cinerea. Efficacy of PTB was compared with a natural proprietary product formulated by Agrichem, which was previously shown to inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea in vitro and was used as a positive control for greenhouse studies. Mycelial growth and spore germination of B. cinerea were completely inhibited in vitro by PTB at 25 mM. Phytotoxicity was not observed on treated tomato plants with PTB at 25 mM. Preharvest sprays were applied at three ripening stages: turning, pink, and light red. After fruit reached the final ripening stage, all fruits were harvested and stored for 10 days at either 4 or 25°C. Disease severity was reduced compared with controls after storage at either temperature when PTB was applied at the turning stage. Preharvest applications of PTB improved the marketable quality of postharvest tomato fruit and significantly reduced the incidence of gray mold in comparison with inoculated control plants, which received no preharvest fungicidal treatment.