ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA FLAVONOID FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT EKSTRAK DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina Del.)

African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) are reported to have activity as anti-malarial, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and others. This is closely related to the secondary metabolite compounds, that are contained in african leaves. One of the secondary metabolites that have a big role in the efficacy of african leaves is flavonoids. So that the purpose of this study, to isolated and identified the flavonoid compounds from african leaves. The plants were picked directly in the Tabanan area, Bali. The stages of this study were making the ethanol extract of african leaves, skrinning of the secondary metabolite compounds from the ethanol extract of african leaves. After that, the isolation and purification of flavonoids in ethyl acetate fraction from extract of african leaves are doing. Then the isolate of flavonoid compounds are identified using Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Vis) and Infrared (IR) spectrophotometer methods. From the results of this study, the yield of ethanol extract was 3.693% derived from maceration of African leaf simplicia powder using 96% ethanol as solvent. The results of phytochemical screening, African leaf ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, and saponins. The results of the fractionation obtained n-hexane fraction as much as 2.57 grams, ethyl acetate fraction 0.53 grams, and water fraction as much as 3.02 grams. The flavonoid compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction were separated and isolated, resulting in 2 isolates which were further identified by UV-Vis and IR spectrophotometry. The results obtained with the addition of shear reagents that the ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids of the flavone group (7-hydroxyl free), and on examination by IR spectrophotometry showed the presence of OH groups, aliphatic CH, C=O, aromatic C=C, CO alcohol, and aromatic CH.

Study of the Structure and Properties of ZnS Utilized in a Fluorescence Biosensor

ZnS materials have been widely used in fluorescence biosensors to characterize different types of stem cells due to their excellent fluorescence effect. In this study, ZnS was prepared by vulcanizing nano-Zn particles synthesized using a DC arc plasma. The composition and structure of the ZnS materials were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their functional group information and optical properties were investigated by using IR spectrophotometry and UV-vis spectrophotometry. It has been found that the synthesized materials consist of Zn, cubic ZnS, and hexagonal ZnS according to the vulcanization parameters. Crystalline ZnS was gradually transformed from a cubic to a hexagonal structure, and the cycling properties first increase, then decrease with increasing sulfurization temperature. There is an optimal curing temperature giving the best cycling performance and specific capacity: the material sulfurized thereat mainly consists of cubic β-ZnS phase with a small quantity of Zn and hexagonal α-ZnS. The cubic phase ZnS has better conductivity than hexagonal ZnS, as evinced by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The ZnS (as prepared) shows board absorption, which can be used in fluorescence biosensors in cell imaging systems.

Synthesis and characterization of Co3O4 nanoparticles for use as pigments in solar absorbing paints

This aim of this research is to produce Co3O4 oxide by means of one-step solution novel combustion methods using aspatic acid (C4H7NO4); lysine (C6H14N2O2); tris (hydroximethyl) aminomethane (NH2C (CH2OH)3) and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (C10H16N2O8) as fuels. The pigments were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform and UV-VIS-IR Spectrophotometry. The paint based on alkyd resin was made from pigments obtained (Co3O4 oxide). In order to make a comparison of the thermal emittance of the paint, two different formulations were prepared and these coating are named "absorbent paint coating": one that included 1% by weight of aluminum in metallic powder and another, with 1% of copper in metallic powder, respectively. The solar absorbance for the Co3O4 powders, plus quartz cuvette, gave a value of 0.9 in all cases. An extraordinary value of absorption on the coatings between 95 and 96% was noted. These results suggested that the synthesis of combustion in solution makes it possible to obtain a Co3O4 absorbent pigment with different fuels. These syntheses have a low environmental impact because they are one-step processes. All use low amounts of reactive ash obtained at a calcination of about 500 °C. These results suggest the possibility of utilizing this oxide in absorbent solar paints.

Spontaneous Formation of Melanin from Dopamine in the Presence of Iron

Parkinson’s disease is associated with degeneration of neuromelanin (NM)-containing substantia nigra dopamine (DA) neurons and subsequent decreases in striatal DA transmission. Dopamine spontaneously forms a melanin through a process called melanogenesis. The present study examines conditions that promote/prevent DA melanogenesis. The kinetics, intermediates, and products of DA conversion to melanin in vitro, and DA melanogenesis under varying levels of Fe3+, pro-oxidants, and antioxidants were examined. The rate of melanogenesis for DA was substantially greater than related catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine and their precursor amino acids tyrosine and l-Dopa as measured by UV-IR spectrophotometry. Dopamine melanogenesis was concentration dependent on the pro-oxidant species and Fe3+. Melanogenesis was enhanced by the pro-oxidant hydrogen peroxide (EC50 = 500 μM) and decreased by the antioxidants ascorbate (IC50 = 10 μM) and glutathione (GSH; IC50 = 5 μM). Spectrophotometric results were corroborated by tuning a fast-scan cyclic voltammetry system to monitor DA melanogenesis. Evoked DA release in striatal brain slices resulted in NM formation that was prevented by GSH. These findings suggest that DA melanogenesis occurs spontaneously under physiologically-relevant conditions of oxidative stress and that NM may act as a marker of past exposure to oxidative stress.

Synthesis of Glibenclamide-Oxalic Acid Cocrystal using ThermalSolvent-Free Method

Solubility is an important parameter affecting the bioavailability of drugs. The solubility of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) could be improved through the formation of cocrystal, which is a crystalline complex composed of two or more different molecules. Glibenclamide (GCM) is an API with poor solubility in water, which belongs to class II, characterized as highly permeable with low solubility. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize the cocrystal of GCM-oxalic acid (OA) using the melting method. The interaction between GCM-OA complexes was predicted using the in silico method. Also, the cocrystal complexes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), as well as, through solubility and dissolution tests. The result showed that GCM and OA have the potential of forming cocrystal through the in silico method. Also, the cocrystal of GCM-OA with a molar ratio 1:2, significantly improved the solubility and dissolution profile of GCM. In addition, the spectrum IR of cocrystal exhibited a shifting peak at 1,700 cm-1 indicating the presence of intermolecular interaction between GCM and OA. Furthermore, the DSC and PXRD analyses showed a new single endothermic peak and new diffraction peak pattern, respectively, indicating the formation of a new crystalline component.

Coffee Pulp: A Sustainable Alternative Removal of Cr (VI) in Wastewaters

Currently, agricultural waste is proposed as a sustainable alternative in the removal of heavy metals present in industrial wastewater, to fulfill some of the goals proposed in the Sustainable Development Goals stated for the 2030 Agenda, in particular in Sections 3.9 and 6.9. Considering this context, the coffee pulp (Castilla variety) of Caldas municipality (Colombia) was used in study for the removal of one of the most toxic chemical species of chromium: Cr (VI). Therefore, the agricultural residue was subjected to a bromatological characterization, determination of the lignocellulosic composition and elucidation of characteristic organic functional groups by IR spectrophotometry. Additionally, the optimal parameters for contaminant removal were identified, regarding particle size, biomass quantity, optimum pH, stirring time, temperature, adsorption kinetics, zero charge potential (pHpzc) and adsorption isotherms, to analyze the kinetic model that fitted the process, the explanation of the possible adsorption mechanism between the contaminant, the surface of the coffee pulp and the capacity of maximum adsorption, respectively. Finally, the innovation of the research is discussed considering two criteria: First, when a mixture was made in different proportions between two agricultural residues (coffee pulp and plantain pseudostem) to show if there was an increase in the removal of the contaminant under the same optimal conditions found experimentally; and the second criterion, the comparison of the maximum adsorption capacity, with the percentages of removal carried out by other authors using the pulp of unmodified coffee.

A Card Double Face: Compounds Functionality and Synergy of a Topical Treatment Proposed for Oral Health Improvement in Periodontal Disease

The application of an active mixture of melatonin, hyaluronic acid and tetracycline, as antibiotic adjuvant, for scaling and root planing in periodontal disease is exploited. The hyaluronic acid gel has been used as matrix for this topical mixture. The mixture of active ingredients has been structurally studied applying UV-Vis and FT-IR spectrophotometry and fluorescence microscopy. Our target was to put in evidence if melatonin, hyaluronic acid and tetracycline were preserving their specific characteristics when they would be mixed together. The recorded results are encouraging as each active compound maintains its characteristic functional groups imparting their biological action. The improved topical treatment based on melatonin, hyaluronic acid and tetracycline is presenting itself as a promising candidate for improving the oral health for patients with periodontitis.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN ISOLASI SENYAWA LIKOPEN DARI SEMANGKA (CITRULLUS LANATUS)

ABSTRACTLycopene is one of the phytochemical compounds of the carotenoid group, the main producer of red pigments found in watermelons. Watermelon is a round-shaped vines containing vitamin C and vitamin A and has high antioxidant levels. This study aims to identify lycopene compounds in watermelons. Extraction of watermelon flesh by maceration method. Identification of lycopene compounds with UV-Visibel spectrophotometry instrument followed by identification with the TLC method and fractionation of extracts using preparative TLC with chloroform: ethanol (1: 1) solvents, and identification of fractionation results with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results of the identification of watermelon fruit extract using the TLC method obtained three spots and the results of UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed three peaks namely between 440-520 nm. The identification of fractionation of watermelon extract using FT-IR obtained a constituent group of lycopene structures, but did not show the R-CH = CH-R group that is owned by lycopene, whereas the results of the test with UV-Vis spectrophotometry appearing at 206 and 245 which indicate the presence of other compounds. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the testing of known extracts of watermelon fruit contains lycopene compounds, but the testing of lycopene identification on the results of fractionation of watermelon fruit extracts was not found with certainty the existence of lycopene because the FT-IR results were only shown and contained on the results UV-Vis spectrophotometry was found to be the wavelength of other compounds.keywords: Watermelon, Lycopene, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, IR Spectrophotometry

Bioassays and coagulation studies using Moringa oleifera seeds for the removal of textile dyes

The aim of this work was to evaluate the removal of three different textile dyes through the coagulation action of the powder and supernatant of Moringa oleifera seeds. The pH of the solution and mass concentrations of the adsorbent were varied. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometry was used to evaluate the main interaction sites of the M. oleifera coagulants with the dyes. Bioassays were also conducted with Lactuca sativa and Eruca sativa seeds to evaluate the toxicity of the M. oleifera coagulants and dyes. Each dye interacted differently with the M. oleifera powder and supernatant; however, dye removal rates were higher than 70% even when varying the pH of the solution. FT-IR spectrophotometry revealed that the linkage of the dyes with the M. oleifera coagulants occurs through chemical interactions, and the coagulating protein of M. oleifera was confirmed as the removing agent. Depending on the dye molecule, the pH of the solution also exerted a strong influence on coagulation. The phytotoxicity tests showed that the coagulants in the seeds of M. oleifera are more toxic than the dyes tested. In conclusion, although efficient and economically feasible, the application of M. oleifera coagulants requires further investigation, especially with regard to ecotoxicology.

MODEL KINETIKA EKSTRAKSI FLAVONOID DARI BAYAM MERAH (Alternanthera amoena voss)

Red spinach (Alternanthera amoena voss) contains vitamins, protein, and flavonoids. Flavonoid is polyphenol compounds having properties as a free radical catcher.The purpose of this research is to obtain the kinetic rate of flavonoid mass transfer from red spinach.Extraction is one of the way to take flavonoids contained in solids with the assist of solvents. Mass transfer in liquid solid extraction occurs by diffusion. The determination of mass transfer coefficient (KC) is to conduct the rate of mass transfer of flavonoids from solids. In this study, the effect of temperature on the extraction of flavonoids from red spinach with water solvent is observed. The temperatures extraction in this research are of 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C respectively. Determinationof total flavonoid, mass transfer coefficient, and antioxidant activity carried out using FT-IR Spectrophotometry and UV-VIS Spectrophotometry. This study concluded that the increase in extraction time and temperature will increase the total content of flavonoids and extract rendement.Mass transfer coefficient equation in this study is K = 3078645 . Antioxidants in red spinach are included in the group of very strong antioxidants.