Dehalogenation, Denitration, Dehydroxylation, and Angular Attack on Substituted Biphenyls and Related Compounds by a Biphenyl Dioxygenase

ABSTRACT The attack by the bph-encoded biphenyl dioxygenase ofBurkholderia sp. strain LB400 on a number of symmetricalortho-substituted biphenyls or quasiortho-substituted biphenyl analogues has been investigated. 2,2′-Difluoro-, 2,2′-dibromo-, 2,2′-dinitro-, and 2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl were accepted as substrates. Dioxygenation of all of these compounds showed a strong preference for the semisubstituted pair of vicinal ortho and metacarbons, leading to the formation of 2′-substituted 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyls by subsequent elimination of HX (X = F, Br, NO2, or OH). All of these products were further metabolized by 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenases of Burkholderiasp. strain LB400 or of Rhodococcus globerulus P6. Dibenzofuran and dibenzodioxin, which may be regarded as analogues of doubly ortho-substituted biphenyls or diphenylethers, respectively, were attacked at the “quasi ortho” carbon (the angular position 4a) and its neighbor. This shows that an aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase of class IIB is able to attack angular carbons. The catechols formed, 2,3,2′-trihydroxybiphenyl and 2,3,2′-trihydroxydiphenylether, were further metabolized by 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase. While angular attack by the biphenyl dioxygenase was the main route of dibenzodioxin oxidation, lateral dioxygenation leading to dihydrodiols was the major reaction with dibenzofuran. These results indicate that this enzyme is capable of hydroxylating ortho or angular carbons carrying a variety of substituents which exert electron-withdrawing inductive effects. They also support the view that the conversions of phenols into catechols by ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases, such as the transformation of 2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl into 2,3,2′-trihydroxybiphenyl, are the results of di- rather than of monooxygenations. Lateral dioxygenation of dibenzofuran and subsequent dehydrogenation and extradiol dioxygenation by a number of biphenyl-degrading strains yielded intensely colored dead-end products. Thus, dibenzofuran can be a useful chromogenic indicator for the activity of the first three enzymes of biphenyl catabolic pathways.

Cometabolic Degradation of Dibenzofuran by Biphenyl-CultivatedRalstonia sp. Strain SBUG 290

ABSTRACT Cells of the gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia sp. strain SBUG 290 grown in the presence of biphenyl are able to cooxidize dibenzofuran which has been 1,2-hydroxylated. Meta cleavage of the 1,2-dihydroxydibenzofuran between carbon atoms 1 and 9b produced 2-hydroxy-4-(3′-oxo-3′H-benzofuran-2′-yliden)but-2-enoic acid, which was degraded completely via salicylic acid. The presence of these intermediates indicates a degradation mechanism for dibenzofuran via lateral dioxygenation by Ralstonia sp. strain SBUG 290.