Whole-Genome Characterization of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Obtained from Metagenomic Analysis of Vinca minor and Wisteria sinensis in Iran: with Implications for the Genetic Structure of the Virus

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), an economically important pathogen, is present worldwide with a very wide host range. This work reports for the first time the infection of Vinca minor and Wisteria sinensis with AMV using RNA sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmation. De novo assembly and annotating of contigs revealed that RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3 genomic fragments consist of 3,690, 2,636, and 2,057 nucleotides (nt) for IR-VM and 3,690, 2,594, and 2,057 nt for IR-WS. RNA1 and RNA3 segments of IR-VM and IR-WS closely resembled those of the Chinese isolate HZ, with 99.23-99.26% and 98.04-98.09% nt identity, respectively. Their RNA2 resembled that of Canadian isolate CaM and American isolate OH-2-2017, with 97.96-98.07% nt identity. The P2 gene revealed more nucleotide diversity compared with other genes. Genes in the AMV genome were under dominant negative selection during evolution, and the P1 and coat protein (CP) proteins were subject to the strongest and weakest purifying selection, respectively. In the population genetic analysis based on the CP gene sequences, all 107 AMV isolates fell into two main clades (A, B) and isolates of clade A were further divided into three groups with significant subpopulation differentiation. The results indicated moderate genetic variation within and no clear geographic or genetic structure between the studied populations, implying moderate gene flow can play an important role in differentiation and distribution of genetic diversity among populations. Several factors have shaped the genetic structure and diversity of AMV: selection, recombination/reassortment, gene flow, and random processes such as founder effects.

INTRODUCTION OF WOODY LIANAS AND PROSPECTS OF THEIR USE IN KRYVYI RIH GARDENING

Problem. Due to the rapid trend of growth and spread of vertical landscaping in landscaping of settlements in Ukraine, studying woody lianas is quite active. There is almost no information on the bioecological features of woody lianas in conditions of our region and their use in landscaping of urban areas. Therefore, the aim of the work was to summarize the introduction of woody lianas in the Kryvyi Rih Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, to analyze the current state of vertical landscaping in Kryvyi Rih, to find out the range of plants used and to prove the possibilities of its expansion. Methods. The distribution of introduced woody lianas by origin was carried out according to A.L. Takhtadzhyan . Assessment of viability was performed by the scale of viability of shrubs modified on the basis of the classification by Z.I. Luchnyk. Estimation of drought resistance of lianas was made by the scale of S.S. Piatnytskyi , winter hardiness was estimated on the scale adopted for botanical gardens of the USSR. Results and conclusions For Kryvyi Rih, one of the promising areas in the creation of modern landscape and architectural landscaping of the city is vertical landscaping based on twisted plants. The source for enrichment of the range of plants for urban area landscaping is the collections of the botanical garden. The introduction of woody lianas in the Kryvyi Rih Botanical Garden began in 1983. Today, the collection fund includes 31 species and 42 cultivars, representing 15 genera and 13 families. We determined that the phenorhythmics of the introduced species is consistent with the climatic conditions of the Right-Bank Steppe Dnieper Area, most of the species bloom annually, bear fruit, have high living conditions and decorativeness. Most woody lianas introduced in the KRBG are quite drought-resistant (they scored point I by Piatnytskyi scale), they tolerate short periods of drought without significant morphological changes (species of the genera Wisteria, Campsis, Celastrus, Parthenocissus, Vitis, Ampelopsis). Lower drought resistance (drought resistance scores point II) in species of the genera Lonicera, Actinidia was manifested by the loss of turgor in the leaves, which was restored during the night, and partial yellowing of the leaves. Groups of introduced woody lianas were selected according to the method of attachment to the support and the degree of decorativeness. A survey of the urban areas of Kryvyi Rih revealed that the range of woody lianas used is represented by 10 species and 7 cultivars from 10 genera and 10 families. According to the results of studying morpho-biological, ecological properties and decorative qualities, it is recommended to introduce Aristolochia manshuriensis, Akebia quinata, Celastrus flagellaris, Celastrus orbiculatus, Lonicera caprifolium, Wisteria sinensis more widely in landscaping of urban areas.

Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria).

A datasheet on Wisteria sinensis covering, as an economically important tree, its taxonomy, importance, silviculture, distribution, biology and ecology, uses, products and pests.

Nematicidal activity of aqueous tinctures of medicinal plants against larvae of the nematodes Strongyloides papillosus and Haemonchus contortus

The study focuses on in vitro effect of aqueous tinctures of 48 species of herbaceous, shrub and tree plants on the first-third stage larvae of Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856) and third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898. The highest level of the effect was exerted by 3% aqueous tinctures of Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Laburnum anagyroides Medik., Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln., Ginkgo biloba L., Colchicum autumnale L., Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom., Celastrus scandens L., Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Magnolia kobus DC. Over 90% of the first and second non-invasive stage larvae of S. papillosus died at contact with these tinctures. The lowest parameters of LD50 were seen for L. anagyroides, Juniperus sabina L., C. scandens, M. kobus, A. manshuriensis, Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. and Securigera varia (L.) Lassen. Invasive larvae of S. papillosus and H. contortus were resistant to the effect of all the 48 surveyed species of plants. Third-stage larvae of H. contortus remained vital when exposed for 24 h to all the studied concentrations up to 3% aqueous tincture of plants. The results of the experiments and also the analysis of the literature indicate the necessity to continue the survey on nematocidial activity of aqueous tinctures and alcveshol extracts of plants.

Оцінювання біолого-екологічних властивостей деревних ліан в умовах міста Херсон

У ході досліджень на території Херсона виявлено 31 вид деревних витких рослин. Встановлено, що всі деревні ліани, що використовуються в озелененні міста, є інтродуцентами. Показниками їх успішного зростання та онтогенезу у нових умовах є зимостійкість, посухостійкість, стійкість до шкідників та хвороб, а також здатність до розмноження. Найбільш зимостійкими ліанами в досліджених умовах виявились Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., P. tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch., Lonicera caprifolium L., Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr.) Maxim. та Clematis jackmanii Moore. Найвищий бал посухостійкості присвоєний тільки Fallopia baldshuanica (Regel) Holub та Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet. Інші види менш посухостійкі. Важливим чинником, який впливає на хід інтродукції, є стійкість до хвороб та шкідників. Виявлено, що найбільш стійкими є Celastrus scandens L., Lonicera periclymenum L., L. brownii (Reg.) Carr., L. japonica Thunb., Menispermum canadense L., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Ваill., Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet. Рясно самосів утворюють Wisteria sinensis, Periploca graeca L., Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bge, Clematis manschurica Rupr., C. glauka Willd. Інші виткі рослини частіше розмножуються вегетативним шляхом. За результатами визначення коефіцієнта адаптації деревних ліан з'ясовано, що за комплексом ознак найбільш пристосовані до умов дослідження Ampelopsis aconitifolia, Campsis radicans, Celastrus orbiculata Thunb., Clematis jackmanii, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, P. tricuspidata, Lonicera caprifolium, L. giraldii Rehd., Fallopia baldshuanica (Regel) Holub, F. auberti (Henry) Holub, Menispermum canadense, Wisteria sinensis, Periploca graeca. Інші види є обмежено перспективними або малоперспективними для вертикального озеленення міста, однак їх використання можливе при ретельному підборі місця посадки та організації догляду за ними.