Microdebris in Echinodea Tripneustes gratilla at Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Microdebris contamination of marine organism has become a major concern. As a detritivore, Tripneustes gratilla also has the opportunity to be contaminated. This study aims to determine microdebris contamination in T. gratilla, including the form and size of the microdebris. This research was conducted at three islands, i.e. Barrang Lompo, Badi, and Kondong Bali. Ten individuals were collected from each island. The digestive tract of spesies was taken, then H2O2 was added to dissolve the organic matter. Flotation was carried out by adding NaCl. Microdebris was observed using stereo microscope, and selected particle then was analysed by FT-IR Microscope. The abundance of microdebris in T. gratilla was ranged from 3.4 to 14.8 particles/individual. Tripneustes gratilla from Badi Island showed the highest levels, contained 14.8 particles/individual. Fiber and fragment were found in all the samples. Fiber was the most common microdebris and consisted of more than half of the total microdebris in each island, except Barrang Lompo. The most common size of microdebris ranged 0.05-1mm, accounted for 36% of the total microdebris. The particle observed by FT-IR Microscope was identified as cotton. Our results suggest that microdebris pollution have contaminated T. gratilla in the Spermonde archipelago.

Mono-specific algal diets shape microbial networking in the gut of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla elatensis

Background Algivorous sea urchins can obtain energy from a diet of a single algal species, which may result in consequent changes in their gut microbe assemblies and association networks. Methods To ascertain whether such changes are led by specific microbes or limited to a specific region in the gut, we compared the microbial assembly in the three major gut regions of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla elatensis when fed a mono-specific algal diet of either Ulva fasciata or Gracilaria conferta, or an algal-free diet. DNA extracts from 5 to 7 individuals from each diet treatment were used for Illumina MiSeq based 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3–V4 region). Niche breadth of each microbe in the assembly was calculated for identification of core, generalist, specialist, or unique microbes. Network analyzers were used to measure the connectivity of the entire assembly and of each of the microbes within it and whether it altered with a given diet or gut region. Lastly, the predicted metabolic functions of key microbes in the gut were analyzed to evaluate their potential contribution to decomposition of dietary algal polysaccharides. Results Sea urchins fed with U. fasciata grew faster and their gut microbiome network was rich in bacterial associations (edges) and networking clusters. Bacteroidetes was the keystone microbe phylum in the gut, with core, generalist, and specialist representatives. A few microbes of this phylum were central hub nodes that maintained community connectivity, while others were driver microbes that led the rewiring of the assembly network based on diet type through changes in their associations and centrality. Niche breadth agreed with microbes' richness in genes for carbohydrate active enzymes and correlated Bacteroidetes specialists to decomposition of specific polysaccharides in the algal diets. Conclusions The dense and well-connected microbial network in the gut of Ulva-fed sea urchins, together with animal's rapid growth, may suggest that this alga was most nutritious among the experimental diets. Our findings expand the knowledge on the gut microbial assembly in T. gratilla elatensis and strengthen the correlation between microbes’ generalism or specialism in terms of occurrence in different niches and their metabolic arsenal which may aid host nutrition.

Philogenetics of Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla using Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 Gene

Sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla is multifunction organism that can be used as potential food source because of its high nutrient content. This organism can also be utilized bioindicator of sea waters and as a modal of organism for studying biology’s purposes. The purposes of this research is studying Filogenetic of sea urchin T. gratilla from waters of Wasior and Serui. The research has been doing at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the state of University of Papua on November to December 2009. The sample was extracted by using Chelex 10 % and was amplified with PCR technic (polymerase chain reaction). Sequencing of CO I gens (cythocrome oxidase subunit I) was done using sequencher ABI 377 (Apllied Biosystem). The result of nucleotid sequence data was analyzed utilizing MEGA 4.0.2. This researchs result showed that the gen fragment that was succesfully amplified 601 bp. The sequence result of nucleotid which was analyzed the variaty of nucleotid between the sample from two waters. Filogenetic analyzing toward individu of the two waters produce the two clusters. The first cluster consist of SER 01 and sub cluster which is consisted of WSR 02 and SER 02. While, the second cluster consist of only WSR 01. This result showed that every individu from Wasior (WSR 02) has close genetic relation with other individu from Serui (SER 02), that proved there is genetic flow between the two waters.

DNA barcoding pada invertebrata laut

Banyaknya spesies invertebrata laut yang memiliki kemiripan morfologi menyebabkan kesalahan identifikasi sangat mungkin terjadi. Identifikasi spesies secara molekuler sangat diperlukan dalam mempelajari taksonomi yang akurat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan identitas invertebrata laut dari Perairan Papua dengan teknik DNA barcoding menggunakan marka gen COI (Cytochrome c oxidase I). Penelitian mengidentifikasi 29 individu invertebrata laut, yang terdiri dari teripang (6 sampel), lobster (6 sampel), gurita (6 sampel), chiton (5 sampel), dan bulu babi (6 sampel). Metode identifikasi molekuler terdiri dari isolasi DNA, PCR fragmen gen COI, sekuensing, dan analisis sekuens DNA menggunakan software bioinformatika.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teripang merupakan spesies Bohadschia marmorata, lobser merupakan spesies Panulirus versicolor, gurita merupakan spesies Octopus cyanea, chiton merupakan spesies Ischnochiton australis, dan bulu babi merupakan spesies Tripneustes gratilla, berdasarkan analisis BLAST dan Boldsystem. Dengan tingkat kemiripan sampel dan rujukan dalam kisaran 84.58 sampai 100.00%. Indeks disparitas, jarak genetik dan pohon filogenetik mendukung hasil ini.

Embryo Development and Behavior in Sea Urchin (Tripneustes gratilla) Under Different Light Emitting Diodes Condition

This study aims to evaluate the effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different wavelengths on the embryonic development, covering behavior, righting behavior, and phototaxis of collector urchins (Tripneustes gratilla). The collector urchins were divided into three groups according to the type of LED illumination they received: full-spectrum (400–750 nm wavelength), red light (630 nm), or blue light (450 nm). The results of the embryonic development experiment indicated that the blue LED group had the highest proportion of embryos reaching the prism stage at the 24th hour and the highest proportion of embryos entering the 4-arm pluteus stage, but it also had the highest death rate at the 48th hour. The full-spectrum and red LED groups exhibited similar speeds of embryonic development. In the experiment on covering behavior performed on adult urchins, our findings indicated that the blue LED group gripped the most acrylic sheets for cover, exhibiting the most covering behavior, followed by the full-spectrum group and then the red LED group. Moreover, behavior varied with coloration, as collector urchins with a lower level of melanin exhibited more covering behavior than those with a higher melanin level. In addition, the righting behavior experiments demonstrated that the blue LED group spent the longest time righting themselves. It is possible that the relatively strong stimulation from the blue LED illumination led to a higher level of stress in the collector urchins and hence slowed their righting. The phototaxis experiment revealed the most significant negative phototactic response in collector urchins when they were under the blue LED light, followed by the full-spectrum light; the red LED light did not induce any positive or negative phototactic response in the collector urchins. This experimental result verified collector urchins’ high sensitivity to and dislike of the blue LED light. The study results confirmed that the blue LED light environment accelerated the embryonic development of collector urchins; however, the relatively strong stimulation from that light also caused them to engage in covering behavior or move away from the light. These results indicate that short-wavelength irradiation significantly affects the embryonic development and behavior pattern of this species.

Struktur Komunitas Landak Laut di Padang Lamun Pulau Kodingareng, Kepulauan Spermonde

Sea urchins is marine organism from Phylum Echinoderms which have high economic and ecological value. Therefore, we need data on the current condition of sea urchins, especially those in the Spermonde Islands. Through this research, it is hoped that the community structure and distribution of sea urchins in Kodingareng Lompo Island, Spermonde Islands can be known. The sampling method used was quadrant transects measuring 5x5 meters on 4 plots in the seagrass area on Kodingareng Lompo Island. The data analysis used was species composition, density, relative density, diversity index, and uniformity index. The results obtained show that there are three species of sea urchins, namely Diadema setosum, Mespilia globulus, and Tripneustes gratilla, basen on morphology identification. Diadema setosum is species with the highest species composition value, namely 92%. The density value (0.017 individuals / m2) and the diversity of sea urchins (H '<1) in the seagrass beds at Kodingareng Island are classified as low. It is hoped that the data obtained from this research can become a reference for the management of biological resources in the Spermonde Islands in the future. Landak laut merupakan salah satu kelas dari Filum Echinodermata yang memiliki nilai ekonomis dan ekologis yang cukup tinggi. Gonad landak laut telah sejak lama dikonsumsi di berbagai negara dunia, dan bahkan sekarang cangkangnya banyak dijadikan souvenir. Karena itu diperlukan data kondisi terkini landak laut, khususnya yang ada di Kepulauan Spermonde. Melalui penelitian ini diharapkan dapat diketahui struktur komunitas maupun sebaran landak laut yang ada di Padang Lamun Pulau Kodingareng Lompo, Kepulauan Spermonde. Metode sampling yang digunakan adalah transek kuadran ukuran 5x5 meter pada 4 plot pada daerah padang lamun di Pulau Kodingareng Lompo. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah komposisi jenis, kepadatan, kepadatan relatif, indeks keanekaragaman, dan indeks keseragaman. Hasil yang didapatkan memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat tiga genus landak laut, yaitu Diadema, Mespilia, dan Tripneustes. Diadema sp. merupakan genus dengan nilai komposisi jenis tertinggi yaitu 92%. Nilai kepadatan (0,017 individu/m2) dan keanekaragaman landak laut (H’<1) di padang lamun Pulau Kodingareng tergolong rendah. Data yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan acuan untuk pengelolaan sumberdaya hayati di Kepulauan Spermonde ke depannya.

Analisis Kandungan Nutrisi Pada Produk Nugget Gonad Landak Laut Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus 1758)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi kandungan proksimat/nutrisi terhadap produk Nugget gonad landak laut (NUGODA) dari hasil olahan gonad landak laut Tripneustes gratilla segar. Penelitian berlangsung selama tujuh bulan dengan 36 rancangan percobaan, sampel diambil dari daerah Kepulauan Barrang Lompo Makassar. Gonad segar yang didapatkan kemudian dibuat menjadi produk (NUGODA) Tripneustes gratilla setelah itu dianalisis kandungan gizi yang terdapat pada produk (proksimat) dengan metode AOAC. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai kandungan nutrisi dengan 4 perlakuan (A1,A2 ,A3,A4) dimana perbandingan gonad sebanyak (0 g,150 g,200 g,250 g). Didapatkan hasil terbaik kandungan nutrisi pada perlukan A4 dengan penambahan gonat sebanyak 250 g dengan rata-rata kadar protein yang dihasilkan 8.51 %, kadar lemak 5.63 %, Abu 2.13 % dan kadar air 60.37 % dimana hasil yang didapatkan telah memenuhi Standar Nugget Ikan (SNI 7758:2013).