Effects of psychogenic stress on some peripheral and central inflammatory markers in rats with the different level of excitability of the nervous system

Patients with post-stress pathologies display the signs of inflammation in the peripheral blood as well as in the brain. The mechanisms of such post-stress neuroimmune changes, their contribution to the behavior, the relationship of the intensity of inflammation with genetically determined features have not been clarified. The goal of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of post-stress inflammation in the blood and hippocampus of rats which differ in level of excitability of the nervous system. Rats of two strains (high/low excitability threshold) were subjected to stress according to the K. Hecht protocol and their behavior, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and the number of Iba+ cells in the hippocampus were analysed 24 hours, 7 and 24 days after stress exposure. Highly excitable animals show an increase in anxiety-like behavior, in the number of neutrophils compared to lymphocytes as well as in the number of Iba1+ cells in CA1, CA3 and DG areas of the hippocampus in response to stress. Thus, hereditary high excitability of the nervous system is a possible risk factor for the development of post-stress pathologies.

Behavioral analysis of anxiolytic action of phenazepam in conditions of an acute psychogenic stress (predator presentation) in Danio rerio

We studied the effect of benzodiazepine anxiolytic phenazepam after the predator presentation to Danio rerio. The test of novelty was used: the fish was placed first in a beaker with a dissolved pharmacological substance (or H2O) and then into a novel tank for 6 min, where the trajectory, the path length, the number of movements to the upper part of the novel tank, the number and time of the pattern of freezing were measured. It is shown that, in response to the novelty of tank, the fish are reacted by submerging to the bottom, increasing the frizing, and reducing the number of movements to the upper half of the novel tank. After phenazepam administration, the fish were not only in the lower, but also in the upper part of the novel tank. The average path length did not change significantly in the range of doses used. The number and time of the frizing, as well as the time spent in the lower part of the novel tank, decreased more than 2 times compared to the control group of animals and showed a dose-dependent effect. The number of movements to the upper part of the novel tank for the experiment increased significantly from 1 in the control to 57 after phenazepam in a dose of 1 mg/l. At the same time, the number of movements of fish to the upper part of the novel tank significantly increased more than 2 times from 3th min of the experiment with the use of phenazepam in a dose of 1 mg/l. Predator presentation (Hypsophrys nicaraguensis) caused an increase in the number of freezing (temporary immobilization) and a decrease in the length of the trajectory of movement in the novel tank as compared with the Danio rerio control group. Phenazapam at a dose of 1 mg/l removed the effects of a predator, while exhibiting a typical effect: the number of movements to the upper part of the tank during the experiment significantly increased to 30; the time at the bottom of the tank was halved. It was concluded that the novelty stress test and the test with a predator are highly sensitive for studying anxiety-phobic reactions in Danio rerio.

1-desamino-8-D-arginin-vasopressin, DDAVP, increases the content of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in blood plasma of rats in model of post-traumatic stress disorder

Objective. We aimed to analyze the effect of an agonist of vasopressin type 2 receptors, 1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin, DDAVP, on the content of the brain neurotrophic factor, BDNF, in the hippocampus and blood plasma of rats exposed to vital stress. Material and methods. The study carried out on female Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: first group included control animals, 2 those who received DDAVP intranasally in small doses (once 2 ∙ 109 g, course 20 ∙ 109 g), 3 those who exposed to the stress of a threat to life caused by the experience of the death of a partner from the actions of a tiger python, 4 those who exposed to stress and received DDAVP. BDNF concentration in samples was measured by immunohistochemical method. Results. An increase in the content of BDNF in blood plasma in rats exposed to acute psychogenic stress and received DDAVP therapy was revealed on the tenth day after stress. There was no effect of stress, DDAVP, or their combined effect on the BDNF content in the homogenate of hippocampal tissues. Conclusion. The results of this pilot study indicate that DDAVP has a modulatory effect on BDNF metabolism in rats exposed to vital stress. It is assumed that an increase in the level of neurotrophin in the blood of rats reflects the activation of compensatory processes.

Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in a Rat Model of Co-Morbid Obesity and Psychogenic Stress

BackgroundThere is growing recognition for a reciprocal, bidirectional link between anxiety disorders and obesity. Although the mechanisms linking obesity and anxiety remain speculative, this bidirectionality suggests shared pathophysiological processes. Neuroinflammation and oxidative damage are implicated in both pathological anxiety and obesity. This study investigates the relative contribution of comorbid diet-induced obesity and stress-induced anxiety to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.MethodsThirty-six (36) male Lewis rats were divided into four groups based on diet type and stress exposure: 1) control diet unexposed (CDU) and 2) exposed (CDE), 3) Western-like high-saturated fat diet unexposed (WDU) and 4) exposed (WDE). Neurobehavioral tests were performed to assess anxiety-like behaviors. The catalytic concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and reductase were measured from plasma samples, and neuroinflammatory/oxidative stress biomarkers were measured from brain samples using Western blot. Correlations between behavioral phenotypes and biomarkers were assessed with Pearson’s correlation procedures.ResultsWe found that WDE rats exhibited markedly increased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (185%), catalase protein (215%), and glutathione reductase (GSR) enzymatic activity (418%) relative to CDU rats. Interestingly, the brain protein levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase were positively associated with body weight and behavioral indices of anxiety.ConclusionsTogether, our results support a role for neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in heightened emotional reactivity to obesogenic environments and psychogenic stress. Uncovering adaptive responses to obesogenic environments characterized by high access to high-saturated fat/high-sugar diets and toxic stress has the potential to strongly impact how we treat psychiatric disorders in at-risk populations.HighlightsPredatory odor stress heightens footshock reactivity and anxiety-like behaviors in Lewis rats.WD intake increases glutathione reductase activity in plasma.WD intake and PS exposure acted synergistically to increase the brain protein levels of catalase and the glial fibrillary acidic protein.The protein levels and activities of some redox/neuroinflammatory biomarkers are closely associated with behavioral proxies related to fear and anxiety in rats.

Lipid spectrum in rat offspring in a model of preconditioning of psychotraumatic effects

Psychogenic stress leads to post-traumatic stress disorders, causing gross behavioral disorders and a change in the lipid spectrum of blood serum and liver, both in individuals and their offspring. Preliminary sound loading increases the stability of rats during the experience of subsequent vital stress, which is reflected in the behavior of animals and in metabolic processes. Since preconditioning with stress music changes the state of mothers, this can affect the offspring. We have shown that stress music sessions in female rats affect the lipid parameters of their offspring. In rat pups, in comparison with the norm, the level of triglycerides in the liver tissues is increased. But the change in the lipid spectrum, both in the blood and in the liver tissues, is significantly lower than in the offspring of rats after vital stress. After sessions of stress music, rat offspring revealed gender differences: changes in lipid metabolism are more recorded in males.

Analisis Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Hipertensi Pada Remaja

Background: Hypertension is the cardiovascular disease that contribute to at least 45% of deaths from heart disease, and 51% of deaths from stroke. Adolescents with high blood pressure have a high risk of becoming hypertensive during adulthood. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate factors correlating with hypertension in adolescent. Methods: This study design was correlational with cross-sectional approach. The number of respondents was 125 people selected by simple random sampling technique. The independent variable of this research is gender, family history, BMI (Body Mass Index), sodium intake, smoking, psychogenic stress, parental income, and physical activity. The dependent variable of this research is hypertension. Data were taken through questionnaires, measurement of blood pressure, weight, and height and data analyzed using Spearman Correlation and Chi-Square test with α