A Comprehensive review on Dendrimers in current advanced Drug delivery

In this particular review, it is been noted that Dendrimers are novel three-dimensional globular nano-polymeric structure; having multiple functional groups on the surface enhances their function. Synonymous terms for dendrimer include arborols and cascade molecules. The importance of dendrimers in a large variety of fields has been detected, where the various types of dendrimers helps in various fields of drug delivery with the different types of dendrimers with the generation. Hence the dendrimer gains more attention from researchers among various nano-materials. Convenient synthesis of the structure makes them as a good nano-material for drug delivery. In recent, dendrimers showed their activity in different drug delivery systems having properties like cancer targeting, anti-bacterial, ocular drug delivery, etc.. The future direction about the dendrimers are been discussed. The present review is focused on types of dendrimers like Polypropylene Imine dendrimer (PPI), Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM), Poly-l-lysine dendrimers, Type of Frechet’s dendrimer, Core-shell tecto dendrimers, Chiral dendrimers, Liquid crystalline dendrimers, Peptide dendrimers, Multiple antigen peptide dendrimers, Glyco-dendrimers, Hybrid dendrimers, Polyester dendrimers in which among these type of dendrimers, the Polypropylene Imine dendrimer (PPI) and Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers are found to be good carriers for various targeting site, Dendrimers are synthesized through various methods like Divergent method, Convergent method, Hyper cores and branched monomer growth method, Double exponential growth method, Click chemistry method, recent advances in dendrimers are used in the Anti-cancer delivery, Anti-bacterial delivery, oral route delivery, pulmonary drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, ocular delivery, and targeted drug delivery the safety aspects, and future strategies are also been discussed in the below article.

Potency of antigenic and serologic tests based on CNTKCQTP linear epitope on H5N1 haemagglutinin for Avian Influenza

<p class="abstrak2">Rapid diagnostic tools or point-of-care (POC) test is needed in the effort to control and eradicate the high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Indonesia. Accuracy of a POC test is determined by the specificity of antibodies, which is the main component of a POC test. Recently a linear epitope, CNTCKQTP epitope, located at 274-281 amino acid residue of H5 hemagglutinin has been confirmed to be present all clade of H5N1 viruses. This study aimed at producing and evaluating the reactivity of a monospecific, polyclonal antibody against the epitope. The Antibody was produced by immunising a goat with the peptide in the form of multiple antigen peptide (MAP). The specificity of the antibody was estimated by assaying its reactivity against influenza virus subtypes H3N3, H4N4, H5N1, H6N5, H7N7, H9N2, H10N7 and H11N9; and recombinant hemagglutinins H1-H12, H14 and H15 with ELISA and immunoblot. The results of the assay showed that CNTKCQTP antibody was not specific for H5 haemagglutinin because it cross-reacted with other haemagglutinins especially H7, H8 and H9. The potential of the peptide containing the epitope, GNCNTKCQTPMGAINSS. as an ELISA reagent for assaying H5 antibodies in chickens previously vaccinated and challenged with the H5N1 virus was also evaluated in this study. In contrast, the results of previous studies, the ELISA using GNCNTKCQTPMGAINSS as coating antigen was not sensitive in detecting antibody to haemagglutinin H5 in chickens.</p><strong>Key Words: </strong>AI Virus, Hemagglutinin H5, CNTKCQTP Epitope, MAP, Immunoassa<em>y</em>

Immunogenicity of NS4b Dengue 3 Virus Mimotope Presented to the Immune System as Multiple Antigen Peptide System

The availability of random peptide libraries displayed on bacteriophage (RPL) has provided a powerful tool for selecting sequences that mimic binding properties of natural antigen epitopes (mimotopes). These mimotopes can be used for vaccine design, drug development, and diagnostic assays. Several mimotopes have been shown to induce production of antibodies against the natural antigen. We have previously identified four dengue virus mimotopes from a phage-displayed peptide library using antidengue 3 human sera. Three of them showed similarity in their amino acid sequences with the NS4b proteins of dengue. Few studies have examined the role of NS4b proteins in the antibody response to dengue virus infection. A multiple antigen peptide (MAP) system was chemically synthesized containing this mimotope (NS4b MAP), and BALB/c mice were immunized to evaluate its immunogenicity. Antipeptide responses were induced and recognised DENV-3 infected cells as determined by immunofluorescence. The high levels of the IgG2a subtype against NS4bMAP suggest the induction of a Th1-like response. Our findings suggest that the NS4b mimotope might be a useful tool for the development of multiepitope diagnostic assays, dengue virus vaccine design, and pathogenesis studies.