Optimising for equity: Sensor coverage, networks and the responsive city

Decisions about sensor placement in cities are inherently complex, balancing structural inequalities with the differential needs of populations, local stakeholder priorities and the technical specificities of the sensors themselves. Rapid developments in urban data collection and Geographic Data Science have the potential to support these decision-making processes, yet even the most cutting-edge algorithms cannot deliver on complete and equitable sensor coverage. Focusing on a case study of air-quality sensors in Newcastle-upon-Tyne (UK), we employ spatial optimisation algorithms as a descriptive tool to illustrate the complex trade-offs that produce sensor networks that miss important groups—even when the explicit coverage goal is one of equity. The problem is not technical; rather it is demographic, structural and financial. Despite the considerable constraints that emerge from our analysis, we argue the data collected via sensor networks is of continued importance when evidencing core urban injustices (e.g., air pollution or climate-related heat). We therefore make the case for a clearer distinction to be made between sensors for monitoring and sensors for surveillance, arguing that a wider presumption of bad intent for all sensors potentially limits the visibility of positive types of sensing. For the purpose of monitoring, we also propose that basic spatial optimisation tools can help to elucidate and remediate spatial injustices in sensor networks.

Densifying Lilong:

This paper examines theories of urbanisation and redevelopment in contemporary China. Reviewing the historical transformation of urban Shanghai, it argues that routine urban policies are insufficient for redeveloping the colonial urban context of traditional shikumen lilong housing. The paper identifies that a more humanistic, micro-scale design strategy – ‘S.O.F.T.’ guideline – from the perspective of architectural and interior design may help modernise and densify the interior residential efficiency in protected districts without interfering with external urban patterns. It is concerned with aspects of supplementary function, spatial optimisation and structural technique and secures the financing basis from stakeholders by transforming the design activity into cultural products of consumption. In this way, it encourages a grassroots manner of interior redevelopment especially for the districts where preservation ordinances often limit the potential gentrification of external urban fabrics and life patterns.