Reaction of eosinophilic granulocytes of guinea pigs airways to the experimental allergic inflammation according to the morphometric study

Background. After creating an animal model of experimental airways allergic inflammation using ovalbumin, scientists mainly studied the reaction of the cellular and humoral links of the acquired specific immunity. At the same time, it is known that the development of allergic inflammation of the airways to the effect of the environmental chemoattractants is primarily the result of the local innate immune system response. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells of the airway epithelium with the help of neuropeptides activate the secretion of IL-5 and IL-13 by type 2 innate lymphoid cells IL-5 determines the eosinophilic inflammation. The question of the reaction of the components of innate immunity of the respiratory tract to the allergic inflammation in most aspects remains open. open. Objective. The purpose of the current study was to define the reaction of eosinophilic granulocytes in guinea pigs lungs as an important component of the innate immunity of the respiratory tract to experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation according to the data of a morphometric study. Methods. Histological, morphometric, statistical methods were used to study the topographic features and the number of eosinophils in the lungs of male 48 guinea pigs on the 23rd, 30th, 36th and 44th days after initiation of the experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. Results. Our study demonstrates a significant reaction occurs on the part of the cellular link of innate immunity, which consists in the activation of eosinophils, in the experimental model of ovalbumin-induced airways allergic inflammation. The most significant changes were observed in the distal parts of the intrapulmonary airways and in the structures of the pulmonary acinus in the early period of the development of the inflammatory process (23rd and 30th days after the start of the experiment). The late (36th and 44th days after the start of the experiment) period of the development of an allergic inflammatory process in the lungs is accompanied by a gradual decrease in the activity of eosinophilic inflammation. At the same time, the quantitative indicators remain statistically significantly higher in the intact and control groups, which indicates the continuation of allergic inflammation in the absence of the action of the allergen and is a manifestation of the violation of the recovery and adaptation processes in the local immune system of the lung. Conclusion. After ovalbumin-sensitization and aeroallergization eosinophilic inflammation develops in the lungs of a guinea pig, as a result of the reaction of the innate immunity to the action of an allergen. Actively and first of all, allergic eosinophilic inflammation develops in the distal airways (terminal bronchioles) and in the connective tissue stroma of the pulmonary acinus.

Wells Syndrome as a Rare Cause of Unilateral Ptosis

We present a case of a woman with a swollen upper eyelid in ptosis, conjunctival nodules, and chemosis present for a couple of weeks. She did not respond to therapy for hordeolum or allergy. A biopsy followed by histopathological examination showed a large infiltration of eosinophilic granulocytes and flame figures, so the diagnosis of Wells syndrome was made. Oral methylprednisolone in high dose was necessary, and tapering was slow because of frequent bouts of relapse. After 3 months, the swelling and hard feeling of the eyelid disappeared, but a slight ptosis remained. Eyelid swelling and eosinophilia recurred 18 months after resolution of the first episode.

N-chlorotaurine, a novel inhaled virucidal antiseptic is highly active against respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

N-chlorotaurine (NCT) is a long-lived oxidant generated in activated cells of the innate immune system, namely neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes and monocytes. NCT acts as an antiseptic agent that can be synthesized chemically and applied topically on different infected body sites. Even treatment of the lower respiratory tract via inhalation, which has been in development in the last years, was well tolerated in a recent phase I clinical trial. In this study, we demonstrate the activity of NCT against viruses causing acute respiratory tract infections, in fact severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus. NCT revealed broad virucidal activity against all viruses tested. In the presence of organic proteinaceous material simulating body fluids, this activity was enhanced by transchlorination mechanisms so that significant inactivation of viruses could be achieved within 1 – 10 minutes. Inhalation of 1.0% NCT as a prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against acute viral respiratory tract infections deserves comprehensive clinical investigation.

Biomarkers in stable and acute exacerbations of COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic disorder of airways and lung tissue that causes suffering and death and recurrent exacerbations are an important driver of progression of disease. Exacerbations are treated with antibiotics if patient report sputum purulence, but not all patients need antimicrobial treatment that in turn leads to emerging antimicrobial resistance. We tried to reduce antimicrobials for patients with exacerbations of COPD admitted to hospital, comparing two strategies - patient reported sputum purulence-guidance, or C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (cut-off ≥50 mg/l) guided antimicrobial treatment. The CRP-guided regimen resulted in a reduction of 14.5% in antimicrobial use without compromising patient safety. Additionally in a subgroup analysis we showed that eosinophilic granulocytes in blood are a risk factor for recurrent exacerbations yet their absence in peripheral blood is associated with early treatment failure. Besides we performed a Chest CT in 100 participants of the trial mentioned above. 24 patients had infiltrative changes not detected by regular chest x-ray. Although inflammatory biomarkers where increased in patients with changes on chest CT, they were not able to reliable predict these changes. In our second trial investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of doxycycline in patients with stable COPD. We performed a double blind randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of a 3-week course of doxycycline on sputum and systemic inflammatory parameters in stable COPD. Doxycycline did not influence sputum inflammatory markers nor did it influence systemic inflammation.

Morphological parameters of blood of calves with cryptosporidiosis after applying different treatment regimens

Recently the livestock farmers of Baltasinsky, Kukmorsky, Sabinsky, Alkeevsky and other regions of the Republic of Tatarstan have increasingly frequently faced the young cattle diseases associated with pathology of the gastrointestinal tract that have not been treated by the classical scheme of diseases with diarrhea symptoms.Sick calves had acute and subacute catarrhal gastroenteritis mainly in the later stages of which accompanied by the inflammatory process in the posterior segment of the small intestine. The manifestations of structural changes in the subepithelial lymphoid tissue of the intestine, in the stagnant digestive glands and regional lymph nodes were increased with a severity level of the clinical symptoms of the disease.In this regard, in order to obtain a complete picture of the effect of cryptosporidiosis invasion on the peripheral blood condition of sick calves, hematological studies were conducted in the dynamics of the development of the infectious process. We have studied the content of red blood cells, white blood cells including lymphocytes, granulocytes, as well as monocytes and hemoglobin on the 7th, 14th and 30th days of the experiment. Hematological studies of calves infected with spontaneous invasion of cryptosporidiosis, and after treatment, had been carried out in 2016 2018 at the OJSC “KukmorAgroChimService” in the Kukmorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan in the Russian federation. Cryptosporidiosis clinically insane calves had erythropenia and leukocytopenia in the blood and low hemoglobin. Reduced oxygen capacity of the blood contributed to the development of the secondary destructive changes in the organs of hematopoietic organs. The established dynamics of a decrease in the content of eosinophilic granulocytes in the blood of calves in the first and especially in the second groups indicated a high therapeutic effect of the drugs used. Starting from the 7th day, due to the therapeutic effect of the tested medications in the places of the pathogenic effects of cryptosporidia, regenerative processes were intensified. It affected the morphological parameters of the blood.

Role of galectins 1 and 3 in the recruitment of eosinophilic granulocytes into tumor tissue in gastric and colon cancers

Background: Gastric and colon tumors are often associated with eosinophilic infiltration of tumor tissue, the significance of which is still not entirely clear. The recruitment of eosinophils into the tissues can be in part regulated by galectins ― galactose-binding proteins which are expressed by a variety of tissues and are capable of exerting a broad range of effects. Aims: To evaluate the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in tumor tissue, and gal-3 gene mRNA expression in blood eosinophils in patients with gastric and colon cancer with or without tissue eosinophilia. Materials and methods: The study included a total of 107 patients (84 males and 23 females, average age 60,9 6,8) with verified gastric cancer (52 persons) and colon cancer (55 persons), who underwent treatment or were registered at the dispensary at the regional medical institution Tomsk Regional Oncology Center (Tomsk, Russia). The control group consisted of 15 men and 11 women of comparable age. The materials of the research included samples of gastric and colon tumors obtained during surgery, and eosinophilic granulocytes isolated from whole blood by immunomagnetic separation. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression in tumor tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The expression of gal-3 gene mRNA in eosinophils was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis of the results was carried out using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples with Benjamini-Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons, and the Chi-square Pearson criterion with Yates correction. Results: In patients with gastric cancer and colon cancer, regardless of the presence of tissue eosinophilia, low expression of galectin-3 in the tumor tissue and high expression of gal-3 gene mRNA in peripheral blood eosinophils were found. Gastric and colon cancer patients with eosinophilic infiltration of tumor tissue were characterized by low expression of galectin-1 within tumor cells (in 64.0% cases, 2 = 4.890, р = 0.029; and in 73.9% cases, 2 = 5.981, p = 0.031 respectively). There was a statistically significant connection between the level of galectin-1 expression by tumor cells and the presence of tissue eosinophilia both in gastric ( = 0.307) and colon cancer ( = 0.330). Conclusion: Low expression of galectin 1 and 3 by tumor cells in gastric and colon cancer with tissue eosinophilia indicates the lack of a significant effect of these proteins on the process of recruiting eosinophilic granulocytes into tumor tissue. Increased expression of galectin-3 in blood eosinophils in gastric and colon cancer is not associated with the presence of eosinophilic infiltration of tumor tissue.

Observation of Seasonal Changes of Selected Hematological Parameters in Trachemys Spp.

This study focused on observation of seasonal changes of selected haematological parameters in Trachemys spp. The experiment involved 6 turtles of the same species and approximately the same size. From September 2017 to December 2018 on a monthly basis, the samples of turtle blood were collected and blood smears were made, which were subsequently evaluated by the light microscopy. During the period of observation, we focused on the changes in the percentage of individual types of cells in a leucogram. The most significant differences in the percentage of leukocytes were observed during hibernation and during the summer period. The blood profiles revealed that the most heterophilic granulocytes were most abundant in the summer, when their values reached 50 % of the leukocytes. Significant changes in the percentage of heterophilic and basophilic granulocytes occurred during the period of hibernation. The number of heterocytes during hibernation decreased to 30 %. On the contrary, the number of basophils increased significantly to 33 %. Eosinophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes did not show such notable changes. The results of the study demonstrated that in turtles of the Trachemys genus, changes in their leuco-grams occurred during the period of hibernation. These changes are important for the evaluation of health condition of the turtles, determination of the prognosis and the treatment.

Intrastromal implantation of track-etchedmembranes overlaid by prenatal stromal cells for bullous keratopathy in the experiment

The aim of the research is to study the possibility of using track-etched membrane, including track-etched membranes modified with cold plasma, followed by layering prenatal stem cells (PSC) on the material surface in surgical treatment of bullous keratopathy (BK). Materials and methods. The track membranes made of polyethylene terephthalate were obtained by irradiating the polymeric film with the 40Ar+8ion beams and by chemical etching. The study was conducted on 16 rabbits (Sylvilagus bachmani), which after BK modelling were divided into 4 groups: the 1st group was a control group of 4 animals (4 eyes); the 2nd group was a group of 4 animals (4 eyes) into which were implanted TM; the 3rd group was a group of 4 animals (4 eyes) into which were implanted TM with PSC; the 4th group was a group of 4 animals (4 eyes) into which were implanted plasma modified TM with PSC. TM was obtained by irradiating the PET film with 40Ar + 8 ions and subsequent chemical etching. The eyes were enucleated for histological examination after 8 weeks from the start of the experiment. Results. As a result of the research, it was found that the implantation of TM with a preliminary layeringof human PSC promotes the growth of the fibroblast population in the cornea stroma and intensifies leukocyte (lymphocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes) infiltration as opposed to the implantation of PET TM without a cellular component. In addition, the implantation of TM contributes to a twofold decrease in the cornea edema induced by BK. Modification of TM with cold plasma did not affect the studied histomorphometric parameters. Conclusion. The implantation of TM based on PET during bullous keratopathy contributed to the development of the productive phase of infiltrative inflammation in the cornea of the eye. Pre-layering of human PSC reduced the severity of destructive changes in the rabbit cornea after BK modeling. The modification of TM by cold plasma did not affect the studied histomorphometric parameters.