Thomas Aquinas and Hervaeus Natalis on First and Second Intentionality

Thomas Aquinas and Hervaeus Natalis (†1323) share a correlational theory of intentionality. When I cognize a thing, I am in a real relation with the thing cognized and at the same time the thing is in a relation of reason with me. Hervaeus coins the term “intentionality” to designate precisely this relation of reason. First and second intentionality express two stages of this relation. First intentionality refers to the relation that a thing has to the mind, while second intentionality indicates the relation that a thing qua cognized has to the mind. Thus, first intentionality involves direct cognition, while second intentionality reflexive cognition. This theory of intentionality has two purposes: first, to de-psychologize the cognitive process and second, to allow the application of Aristotle’s table of categories to the sphere of the mental. Through his detailed analysis of the relation of intentionality, Hervaeus clarifies some of Thomas’s obscurer points, but at the same time he has to solve a delicate problem of circularity entailed by the notion of intentionality as a relation of reason.

THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE LAND LEASE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE LESSEE RIGHTS PROTECTION PROCEDURE

The article deals with the legal nature of a land lease. The contemporary relevance of this study is explained by the fact that the following phenomena depend on the legal nature of the land lease: the specific lessor's and lessee's rights, the defense procedure of the lessee's right to do a business activity on the land parcel; the loss, caused by force majeure, distribution, etc. A lease right was considered to be a personal right in Roman law. Recently, there is a vivid trend in Ukrainian legislation to convert a lease as a personal relationship between two persons to some kind of real relations (relations between the person regards things). The idea that the lease of a land parcel is or can be some kind of a real relation dominates in Ukrainian literature. Based on the study of the land lease legal nature the author concludes that the land lease is a personal relationship. The author assesses the legal regulation of the land lease as a real relation. This regulation aftermath is that land lease converts into emphyteusis, superficies, or into some kind of real relation (usus or usufruct). Having analysed the legal regulation for the land lease, the author came to conclusion, that it duplicates the legal regulation for property relations. The analysis of the negative consequences of this regulation is done in the article. One of the main negative consequences of the land lease converting into the real relation is the reduction of the list of legal tools by which business entities may adjust their relations. At the same time, the land lease stops guaranteeing the lessee opportunity to conduct the economic activity on the land parcel.

Hegels Satz

For Hegel, what ought to be the case is the case and is, at the same time, not the case. I call this proposition „Hegel’s Proposition“. The elucidation, which Hegel’s Proposition obviously invites, moves from distinguishing two kinds of Ought and Is, respectively, through looking at the concepts of will and action, to reminding us of ways in which the world is both perfect and defective. Examined in this way, the so-called relation between Is and Ought turns out to be just that: a so-called, i. e. not a real, relation.

Jesus, Trinity, and Creation: Divine Simplicity, the “Real” Relation, and Trinitarian Economy in Dialogue with Robert Jenson

In this essay, I engage Robert Jenson ecumenically by offering a reading of his theology that gives appropriate weight to his radical identification of God’s eternal being (immanent life) with God’s historical acts (economy), while also arguing that his arguments have a striking point of contact with the classical denial of a real relation of God to creation. I argue that both positions share a desire to express a radical intimacy between God and creation as well as God’s boundlessness and simplicity. The benefit of this comparative study is that it illuminates potential commonalities between Jenson’s revisionary metaphysics and one aspect of “classical” metaphysics. The recognition of such metaphysical common ground provides opportunity for mutual enrichment.

The Interaction of Community around the Forest towards Land Use Tahura Wan Abdul Rachman

Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park (Tahura WAR) has experienced the fluctuations in land cover changes in each year. It caused by the interaction of community in utilization of Tahura WAR. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of interaction by the community around Tahura WAR and the influenced factors of it. The product moment correlation analysis was used to see the real relation between the independent variables (the level of interaction) and the dependent variable (land area, income, and the number of family dependents). The result showed that the interaction of the community in the Tahura WAR was moderate. It included the activity of community-related in utilization, preservation and forest protection. The level of interaction was influenced by the land area and the income level of the respondents. Keywords: interaction, Tahura WAR, land area, income.

عناصر القاعدة الشرعية

يتناول هذا البحث مصطلح "القاعدة الشرعية" بوصفه مرادفاً للقاعدة القانونية، على أساس أن القاعدة القانونية تُمثِّل قاعدة عامة مجردة، غايتها تنظيم الحياة الاجتماعية بأبعادها المختلفة، وكذا القاعدة الشرعية التي تتحرّى الغاية نفسها، مع وجود فارقين جوهريين؛ أولهما أن القاعدة القانونية هي وضع بشري خاص يتم بإجراءات تشريعية محدَّدة، والقاعدة الشرعية هي نص من الوحي، أو استنباط من الوحي، وثانيهما أن القاعدة القانونية تختص بعلاقات الناس ومعاملاتهم العملية، والقاعدة الشرعية تضيف إلى ذلك علاقة الإنسان بربه. والقاعدة الشرعية قضيةٌ كليةٌ تنطبق على جزئياتها، أو مفهوم كلي ينطبق على أفراده. وكل قاعدة شرعية تتضمَّن ثلاثة عناصر: الفرضية، والحكم، والنسبة الواقعية بينهما، وتتصف بالعقلانية والانسجام مع الفطرة السليمة. This paper deals with the term Islamic Shari'ah rule as synonymous with legal rule. The legal rule is a general and abstract rule with the purpose of regulating the social life in its diverse dimensions. The Islamic Shari'ah rule has the same purpose, with two fundamental differences. Firstly the legal rule is a special human decision that is carried out by specific legislative procedures while the Shari'ah rule is a text of revelation or deduction from revelation. Secondly, the legal rule is concerned with the relations among people and their practical transactions, while the Shari'ah rule adds to that the relationship between people and their God. The Shari'ah rule is a general case that applies to its specifics, or a holistic concept that applies to its elements. Each Shari’ah rule has three components: hypothesis, judgment, and real relation between them. This rule is characterized by rationality and harmony with natural extent, fitra.

Penarapan Metode Korelasi dalam Mengukur Hubungan antara Customer Relationship dengan Customer Loyality Pada PT Antika Raya Surabaya

This research focus on application of customer relationship management in relation with customer loyality. Object of this research is PT Antika Raya Surabaya, because this company had appropriate characteristic with this method. Data is base on quesioner, with 30 respondance who live in Surabaya and customer of his company.According to result of signification test, correlation between all customer variables of customer relationship management with customer loyality has real relation or signification between customer variable relationship with customer loyality.

ANALISIS BEBERAPA FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENERIMAAN PAJAK HIBURAN DI KOTA SURABYA

This research is using secondary data that obtained from East Java Statistic Center Office and Surabaya Taxation Department, started from 1991-2005, and then the data is analyzed by using multiple linier regression analysis through F test and t test. The conclusion of this research simultaneously shows the real relation of Inflation Level, Number of Entertainment Place, Income per Capita and number of Tax Collection to the Acceptance of Entertainment Tax in Surabaya with testing result F count = 14,185 >F table = 3,48 meanwhile partially, Inflation Level (XI) has no real influence to the Acceptance of Entertainment in Surabaya (Y)and it is shown from the value that obtained in which t count = -0, 045 < t table = 2,228 partial variable, number of Entertainment Place (X2) has real influence to The Acceptance of Entertainment Tax in Surabaya (Y) with result value t count =3,266 >t table = 2,228, Income per capita (X3) variable has real influence to the Acceptance of Entertainment in Surabaya (Y) and it is shown with value oft count = 5,725 > t table = 2,228 and Number of Tax Collection (X4) variable has no real influence to the Acceptance of Entertainment Tax in Surabaya (Y) and it is shown with the value of count = -0,457< t table = 2,228.

ANALISIS BEBERAPA FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENERIMAANPAJAK HIBURAN DI KOTA SURABAYA

This research is using secondary data that obtained from East Java Statistic Center Office and Surabaya Taxation Department, started from 1991-2005, and then the data is analyzed by using multiple linier regression analysis through F test and t test. The conclusion of this research simultaneously shows the real relation of Inflation Level, Number of Entertainment Place, Income per Capita and number of Tax Collection to the Acceptance of Entertainment Tax in Surabaya with testing result F count = 14,185 >F table = 3,48 meanwhile partially, Inflation Level (XI) has no real influence to the Acceptance of Entertainment in Surabaya (Y)and it is shown from the value that obtained in which t count = -0, 045 < t table = 2,228 partial variable, number of Entertainment Place (X2) has real influence to The Acceptance of Entertainment Tax in Surabaya (Y) with result value t count =3,266 >t table = 2,228, Income per capita (X3) variable has real influence to the Acceptance of Entertainment in Surabaya (Y) and it is shown with value oft count = 5,725 > t table = 2,228 and Number of Tax Collection (X4) variable has no real influence to the Acceptance of Entertainment Tax in Surabaya (Y) and it is shown with the value of count = -0,457< t table = 2,228.