Secondary Grammaticalization: The Case of hatta in Rural Jordanian Arabic

Secondary grammaticalization is viewed as a continuation to a grammaticalization path (Traugott 2002) or an independent process that does not necessarily imply the occurrence of a precedent primary grammaticalization (Givón 1991). This paper provides a case from vernacular Arabic supporting the second view, namely, the secondary grammaticalization of the functional hatta (its evolution into a proclitic) in Rural Jordanian Arabic. Evidence supporting this view is the selectivity of secondary grammaticalization, which can be summarized as follows: if the source grammatical item has more than one type (i.e., function), some of these types may not undergo secondary grammaticalization. This implies that secondary grammaticalization may not be a late stage completing a grammaticalization path. It can be an independent process that has its own peculiarities and constraints. The constraint, which is the source of selectivity of secondary grammaticalization in this paper, is linked to prosodic prominence: if a grammatical item is typically prominent prosodically in daily conversations, it resists secondary grammaticalization. This finding should also contribute to the previously reported constraints on secondary grammaticalization. In addition to selectivity, it is reported in this paper that the lexical source of the grammatical hatta does not seem necessary to its secondary grammaticalization.

VIDEODESIGN PRODUCTION: DEFINITIONS, STAGES AND MAIN COMPONENTS

The purpose of the study is to define the characteristics of the concept of "videodesign production", to analyze the stages of videodesign production and identify their main components. Methodology. The research uses methods of analysis, synthesis, identification, formalization and systematization, which allow us to consider the videodesign production and its stages as hierarchically subordinate integrity. Results. The research of production through the prism of film, video production, cinematographic activity, film production is carried out. The definition of the term "videodesign production" is given. The distinctive characteristics between the terms "video production" and "film production", "videography", "video editing" are revealed. The main stages of videodesign production are established and analyzed, namely: "zero", pre-production, production, post-production, presentation. Their main components are identified. Scientific novelty. The research of videodesign as an independent process of videodesign product production is carried out, the definition of the term "videodesign production", its stages and main components is formulated. The practical significance of the study is due to the expansion and deepening of knowledge about videodesign in terms of its implementation through production. The processed information and materials allowed to determine the leading stages and components of the videodesign production and can be used in further research on videodesign.

Getting Sugar Coating Right! The Role of the Golgi Trafficking Machinery in Glycosylation

The Golgi is the central organelle of the secretory pathway and it houses the majority of the glycosylation machinery, which includes glycosylation enzymes and sugar transporters. Correct compartmentalization of the glycosylation machinery is achieved by retrograde vesicular trafficking as the secretory cargo moves forward by cisternal maturation. The vesicular trafficking machinery which includes vesicular coats, small GTPases, tethers and SNAREs, play a major role in coordinating the Golgi trafficking thereby achieving Golgi homeostasis. Glycosylation is a template-independent process, so its fidelity heavily relies on appropriate localization of the glycosylation machinery and Golgi homeostasis. Mutations in the glycosylation enzymes, sugar transporters, Golgi ion channels and several vesicle tethering factors cause congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) which encompass a group of multisystem disorders with varying severities. Here, we focus on the Golgi vesicle tethering and fusion machinery, namely, multisubunit tethering complexes and SNAREs and their role in Golgi trafficking and glycosylation. This review is a comprehensive summary of all the identified CDG causing mutations of the Golgi trafficking machinery in humans.

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Green Method for Enhanced Solubilization of Water-Soluble Curcuminoids Prepared Using Steviol Glycosides

In this study, the optimization and modeling of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of water-soluble curcuminoids prepared using novel steviol glycosides (SGs) was carried out using four independent process variables at varying levels—X1: microwave power (50–200 W), X2: stevioside concentration (50–200 mg/mL), X3: curcumin concentration (20–200 mg/mL), and X4: time (1–10 min)—in response surface methodology configuration. Moreover, the effects of stevioside, as the most cost-effective natural solubilizer, were also evaluated. The water solubility of curcuminoids increased from 11 to 1320 mg/L with the addition of stevioside as a natural solubilizer. Moreover, microwave heating synergistically with stevioside addition significantly (p < 0.05) increased the solubility up to 5400 mg/L. Based on the results, the optimum conditions providing the maximum solubilization of 16,700 mg/L were 189 W microwave power, 195 g/L stevioside concentration, 183 g/L curcuminoid concentration, and 9 min of incubation time. Moreover, MAE of curcuminoids using SGs might render a significant advantage for its wide-scale application to solubilizing the multitude of insoluble functional flavonoids in fruits, plants, and food materials.

Two different cell-cycle processes determine the timing of cell division in Escherichia coli

Cells must control the cell cycle to ensure that key processes are brought to completion. In Escherichia coli, it is controversial whether cell division is tied to chromosome replication or to a replication-independent inter-division process. A recent model suggests instead that both processes may limit cell division with comparable odds in single cells. Here, we tested this possibility experimentally by monitoring single-cell division and replication over multiple generations at slow growth. We then perturbed cell width, causing an increase of the time between replication termination and division. As a consequence, replication became decreasingly limiting for cell division, while correlations between birth and division and between subsequent replication-initiation events were maintained. Our experiments support the hypothesis that both chromosome replication and a replication-independent inter-division process can limit cell division: the two processes have balanced contributions in non-perturbed cells, while our width perturbations increase the odds of the replication-independent process being limiting.

The Modified Mixed Exponentially Weighted Moving Average-Cumulative Sum Control Charts for Autocorrelated Process

Statistical Process Control (SPC) is an efficient methodology for monitoring, managing, analysing and recuperating process performance. Implementation of SPC in industries results in biggest benefits, as enhanced quality products and reduced process variation. While dealing with the theory of control chart we generally move with the assumption of independent process observation. But in practice usually, for most of the processes the observations are autocorrelated which degrades the ability of control chart application. The loss caused by autocorrelation can be obliterated by making modifications in the traditional control charts. The article presented here refers to a combination of EWMA and CUSUM charting techniques supplementing modifications in the control limits. The performance of the referred scheme is measured by comparing average run length (ARL) with existing control charts. Also, the referred scheme is found reasonably well for detecting particularly smaller displacements in the process.

Molecular Dynamic and Docking Simulation to Prevent Thymine Dimer as the Main Reason for Skin Cancer

Two major types can be repaired UV-induced DNA lesions. The first one is a light-dependent process that reverts UV damage applying particular wavelengths. The second is a light-independent process that excises the light-damaged region under novo synthesis of an intact DNA. The iGEMDOCK has been used for this study, and the acceptable thymine dimer can be defined for the binding site in whole DNA structures. The DNA is worked with two thymine in a segment of nucleic acids, and iGEMDOCK can help to prepare a suitable binding between them. The total energies of the model systems are a total of several partial energies as follows: E(system) = E(bond) + E(angle) + E(torsion) +E(over) +E(vdW) + E(Coulomb) + E(Specific). EvdW +E(Coulomb) represents the dispersive and electrostatic energies contribution between all atoms, respectively. Finally, E(Specific) is system-specific energy such as lone-pair, conjugation, and hydrogen binding. The DFT and HF calculations of the thymine dimer exhibited that the ring fusion at the C5 and C6 atoms of two thymine bases produced a four-member cyclo-butane puckered ring, as well as the feature, is seen with the MPn or Moller-Pleset level. In addition, the UV radiations between 360 nm to 200 nm have been investigated for the study of thymine dimers.

Visual pursuit biases tactile velocity perception

During a smooth pursuit eye movement of a target stimulus, a briefly flashed stationary background appears to move in the opposite direction as the eye's motion ― an effect known as the Filehne illusion. Similar illusions occur in audition, in the vestibular system, and in touch. Recently, we found that the movement of a surface perceived from tactile slip was biased if this surface was sensed with the hand. This suggests a common process of motion perception between the eye and the hand. In the present study, we further assessed the interplay between these effectors by investigating a novel paradigm that associated an eye pursuit with a tactile motion over the skin of the fingertip. We showed that smooth pursuit eye movements can bias the perceived direction of motion in touch. Similarly to the classical report from the Filehne illusion in vision, a static tactile surface was perceived as moving rightward with a leftward pursuit eye movement, and vice versa. However, this time the direction of surface motion was perceived from touch. The biasing effects of eye pursuit on tactile motion were modulated by the reliability of the tactile and visual estimates, as predicted by a Bayesian model of motion perception. Overall, these results support a modality- and effector-independent process with common representations for motion perception.

Aspects of change in New York City English short-a

This article focuses on change in the “short-a system” of New York City English (NYCE). Recent results suggest that a complex set of tensing rules traditionally described for NYCE are being replaced by several simpler systems. This article reports on a study of this change using a recently developed large audio-aligned parsed speech corpus (CoNYCE). This change is similar to the simplification reported for Philadelphia by Labov et al. (2016). Unlike in the Philadelphia case, however, our results do not show evidence of a single abstract process of change. Our findings, rather, suggest at least two separate changes in the community—one affecting short-a in prenasal contexts and a second affecting pre-oral obstruent contexts. In addition, the results suggest an additional independent process of lowering and retraction affecting short-a sounds in contexts not targeted by the process of phonological reorganization, that is, “trap-backing.”