Effects of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus on Yield and Yield Components in Different Winter Wheat Genotypes

Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus is a Luteovirus disease that affects small grain yields. The climatic conditions of the agricultural year favoured the development of vectors, so that the virus attack caused significant damage on different genotypes. The first visible symptom includes plant stunting and yellowing and purpling, so that plant height was the first traits affected reducing with 24.58 to 44.33 % compared to the unaffected plants. Regarding the main yield components their performance or reduced with 37.89 % to 74.35 % for weight of spike, 33.66 to 87.70% for number of grains per spike and from 50.90 to 88.03 % in case of weight of grains per spike. Grain yield as a complex and most important feature that characterizes a genotype was affected between 49.05 to 87.76 % which suggest that the infection can have a different intensity depending on certain morpho-physiological traits.

Maqashid Syari’ah Menjawab Tantangan Post-Truth Era: Urgensi Hifẓ Al-‘Aql Sebagai Penyaring Informasi

<em>The development of information technology has an impact on the spread of false news, false data, and hate speech, which is difficult to control. Truth mixed with badness will be ambiguous and biased. This is the most visible symptom or symptom of the post-truth era. In this context, the concept of hifẓ al-‘aql in the maqāṣid syarī'ah can be used as a solution to deal with the negative symptoms above.</em> <em>This research is focused on how far the concept of hifẓ al-qaql can be used as an information filter. The data's research is library research. The data collection method uses the documentation method, which is: collecting, then analyzing the data collected. After that, data analysis is carried out by means of data reduction, presentation of data in narrative form, and concluding.</em> <em>This study concludes that the concept of hifẓ al-‘aql can be extended to mental and intellectual functions. The meaning of hifẓ al-‘aql is expanded by making reason as a guide, and controller for rationality (‘aqlaniyah). This expansion of meaning emphasizes that filtering information before it is conveyed to others is a must, and worthy of worship. Vice versa, the spread of news and hate speech received without verification is an action that is contrary to the principle of hifẓ al-qaql, prohibited acts, and has syar'i consequences. </em>

DIAGNOSIS JENIS PENYAKIT TANAMAN JATI (Tectona Grandis) PADA AREAL HUTAN TANAMAN DESA HATUSUA KECAMATAN KAIRATU KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

Teak plantation forest development in the village Hatusua Kairatu District of West Seram regency is one attempt to offset the need for wood raw material increases. However, based on preliminary observations visible symptom of diseases such as leaf spot disease. Thus the need to do a diagnosis of the types of diseases in the forest area.The study aims to determine the types of diseases that attack plants teak (Tectona grandis) in the plantation areas Hatusua Rural District of West Seram regency Kairatu, determine the intensity of the disease as well as the extent of the damage and determine the condition of the teak plantations and support the development of the disease.The results showed that the types of diseases that are found is a leaf spot disease caused by the fungus Phomopsis sp. and root rot and stem are a symptom of a physiological disease. The disease intensity of leaf spot was 1,21 % and the disease intensity of root and stem rot 10,08 %, both of which belong to the category of minor assault. Conditions in the village area of teak plants Hatusua support the development of the disease.

RT-PCR Differentiation, Molecular and Pathological Characterization of Andean and Ordinary Strains ofPotato virus Sin Potatoes in China

A survey of potatoes in a field in Hubei, China, for common potato viruses revealed that Potato virus S (PVS) was the most abundant virus. To unveil the strain identity of the virus, primers specific to the ordinary and/or Andean strains of PVS (i.e., PVSOand PVSA) were designed. RT-PCR using these primers successfully detected PVSOand PVSAin the samples. Sequence analysis of the amplicons confirmed the correctness of the RT-PCR assay. Two isolates, PVS HB24 and PVS HB7, representing PVSOand PVSA, respectively, were chosen for molecular and biological characterization. Both isolates contained a genome of 8,453 nt in length with six open reading frames. They shared a sequence identity of 79.5% at the complete genome sequence level. Phylogenetic analysis placed PVS HB24 and PVS HB7 to PVSOand PVSAclades, respectively. PVS HB24 induced chlorotic local lesions on the inoculated leaves but no visible symptom on the upper uninoculated leaves of Chenopodium quinoa after mechanical inoculation, whereas PVS HB7 induced both local and systemic symptoms on C. quinoa. ELISA and RT-PCR confirmed that PVS HB7 infected C. quinoa systemically whereas PVS HB24 failed to do so. Both isolates infected potato cv. Shepody and Solanum chacoense asymptomatically, but did not infect Nicotiana occidentalis and N. tobaccum cv. Samsun.

A Rapid Method to Assess Grape Rust Mites on Leaves and Observations from Case Studies in Western Oregon Vineyards

The grape rust mite [Calepitrimerus vitis (Acari: Eriophyidae)] is an important pest of grapevines (Vitis sp.) in grape-growing regions around the world. A rapid method for extracting eriophyoid mites was adapted from earlier studies to provide integrated pest management (IPM) consultants and commercial growers with a practical, efficient, and reliable tool to monitor grape rust mites in vineyards and nursery stock vines. The rinse in bag (RIB) method allows quick extraction of mites from young shoots or from leaves using 35% to 70% ethanol or isopropanol in a sealable plastic bag. The RIB method recovered ≈85% of grape rust mites from single leaves in the first rinse. The method is useful to estimate grape rust mites on young shoots (≤10 cm length), although recovery of grape rust mites (average ranging from 35% to 81%) was lower because of a higher density of trichomes on young shoots as compared with leaf samples. The RIB method was not effective to assess grape rust mites within dormant buds, so a separate method using a blender to disrupt tissues and extract mites in alcohol was developed. The RIB method was used to determine grape rust mite abundance with leaf symptoms in commercial vineyards and nursery stock vines. The earliest visible symptom of grape rust mite damage on leaves in the summer was the development of stippling that is distinct from the type of damage caused by other grapevine pests. The stippling is described as numerous clear zones of small diameter (resembling pinholes) that are visible when a leaf is backlit. The severity of stippling was related to the number of grape rust mites present on leaves, with >600 occurring on leaves with severe stippling symptoms. In commercial vineyard case studies, the RIB method was used over two seasons and revealed that grape rust mite populations remained on leaves until postharvest, and foliar applications of wettable sulfur reduced grape rust mite populations on leaves.

First Report of Pomegranate Wilt Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Yunnan, China

Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) is an important fruit crop in Yunnan Province, China. Recently, older pomegranate bushes in Mengzi County, Yunnan began dying. Initial symptoms were yellowing and wilting of leaves on one to several branches, followed by sudden death of the bush within 3 to 4 weeks. Roots of diseased bushes appeared brown to black, and irregularly shaped lesions were observed when the bark was removed. A species of Ceratocystis was consistently isolated from discolored roots, stem, and branch tissues from wilted bushes on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and was identified as Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst, based on the morphology of perithecia, ascospores, conidia, and conidiophores. Perithecia were black with a globose base (130 to 300 μm) and a long neck (450 to 800 μm). Ascospores exuded from the apex of the perithecium neck in a long coil and were small, hyaline, and hat-shaped (3.8 to 5.0 μm long × 2.3 to 4.0 μm wide). Conidiophores were septate and hyaline to dark greenish brown. Hyaline conidia, 8 to 17 μm long × 6 to 15 μm wide, were usually produced in chains of 10 or more. Thick-walled endoconidia were globose to oval, olive brown, and 8 to 20 μm in diameter. Because of the increasing occurrence of the disease, surveys of the main pomegranate production areas in Mengzi County, including Xinan, Duofale, Caoba, Hongzhai, and Shilipu townships, were conducted from 10 to 20 August 2002. The disease was detected in 17 of 50 plantings surveyed. Disease was more severe in older plantings than in younger plantings. Disease incidence was 1% in 1- to 5-year-old bushes, 3.6% in 6- to 10-year-old bushes, and 6% in bushes more than 10 years old. Scolytid beetles were occasionally found on bushes, but we were unable to isolate the fungus from them as has been reported (1). Inoculations with an isolate of C. fimbrata were made by inserting mycelium with perithecia from 12-day-old cultures growing on PDA into root wounds made with a sterile scalpel on five pomegranate plants and then covering the wounds with Parafilm. Sterile medium was placed in an equal number of wounded bushes to serve as controls. Fourteen days later, symptoms began to appear in two bushes, and 5 days later, all bushes exhibited symptoms. No symptoms were observed on control bushes. The first visible symptom was a small area of blackened tissue near the point of inoculation. Lesions expanded slowly, but they expanded more rapidly upward than downward. The fungus was reisolated on PDA from roots of all artificially inoculated bushes. C. fimbriata has been previously reported as the cause of pomegranate wilt in India (2); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fimbriata on pomegranate in China. Because environmental conditions which favor the pathogen (temperatures ranging from 18 to 30°C and frequent rains) typically occur in many areas during late spring and summer, the disease has the potential to seriously impact pomegranate production in China. References: (1) Y. M. Somasekhara. Plant Dis. 83:400, 1999. (2) Y. M. Somasekhara, et al. Res. Crops 1(1):63, 2000.

516 Does Diphenylamine Reduce Chilling Injury in Green Bell Peppers?

Diphenylamine has been used to reduce low-temperature-induced storage scald of apples for decades. Its effectiveness in reducing scald has been attributed to its antioxidant properties. Oxidative reactions have also been implicated in chilling injury of other commodities, including green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Diphenylamine was applied as a dip at rates of 500 to 2000 ppm to green bell peppers prior to storing them for 7 days at 1 °C. The development of sheet pitting, the most common visible symptom of chilling injury in bell peppers, was inhibited almost completely by diphenylamine. Diphenylamine, however, only slightly reduced the chilling-induced decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence ratios. Darkening of the vascular tissues of the calyxes and seed darkening, which are also symptoms of chilling injury, were not prevented by diphenylamine. Thus, diphenylamine either did not get into all of the sites of oxidative reactions or some of the manifestations of chilling injury are initiated by processes other than oxidative ones.

An Sem Study of Injury Symptoms in Parmotrema Reticulatum Treated With Paraquat or Growing in Sulphur Dioxide-Polluted Air

The effect of Paraquat, a herbicide known to stimulate oxygen-centred free-radical production in green plants, is compared with visible injury symptoms due to air pollution in Parmotrema reticulatum, an SO2-sensitive lichen species. This is in order to verify the hypothesized SO2 toxicity mechanism via the generation of free radicals. A new SEM-visible symptom is described: the production of heavy crystalline deposition on the thallus surface in SO2-stressed and Paraquat-treated specimens. The examination of the crystalline deposition by X-ray diffraction, correlated with SEM studies, showed that it is calcium oxalate (weddellite).

Variation in Flower Senescence and Ethylene Biosynthesis among Carnations

We have investigated the patterns of ethylene biosynthesis in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) genotypes that exhibit extended vase life in comparison to flowers of White Sim'. `White Sim' flowers exhibited typical symptoms of senescence, including petal in-rolling and rapid wilting, beginning 5 days after harvest. In contrast, the other genotypes studied did not show petal in-rolling or rapid wilting associated with petal senescence. The first visible symptom of senescence in these flowers was necrosis of the petal tips, and it occurred from 3 to 7 days after the initial symptoms of senescence were seen in `White Sim' flowers. In all cases, the extended-vase-life genotypes did not exhibit the dramatic increase in ethylene production that typically accompanies petal senescence in carnation. This appeared to be the result of limited accumulation of ACC. In addition, flowers of these genotypes had limited capacity to convert ACC to ethylene. Therefore, we conclude that the low level of ethylene produced by these flowers during postharvest aging is the result of low activities of both ACC synthase and the ethylene-forming enzyme. Treatment of `White Sim' flowers at anthesis with 1.0 μl ethylene/liter resulted in the induction of increased ethylene biosynthesis and premature petal senescence. The extended-vase-life genotypes exhibited varying responses to ethylene treatment. One genotype (87-37G-2) produced elevated ethylene and senesced prematurely, as did flowers of `White Sim'. A second genotype (82-1) was induced to senesce by ethylene treatment but did not produce increased ethylene. A third genotype (799) was unaffected by ethylene treatment. The results of this study suggest these extended-vase-life genotypes are representative of genetic differences in the capacity to synthesize and respond to ethylene. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).