Identifying the neural representation of fast and slow states in force field adaptation via fMRI

Neurorehabilitation is centered on motor learning and control processes, however our understanding of how the brain learns to control movements is still limited. Motor adaptation is a rapid form of motor learning that is amenable to study in the laboratory setting. Behavioral studies of motor adaptation have coupled clever task design with computational modeling to study the control processes that underlie motor adaptation. These studies provide evidence of fast and slow learning states in the brain that combine to control neuromotor adaptation.Currently, the neural representation of these states remains unclear, especially for adaptation to changes in task dynamics, commonly studied using force fields imposed by a robotic device. Our group has developed the MR-Softwrist, a robot capable of executing dynamic adaptation tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that can be used to localize these networks in the brain.We simulated an fMRI experiment to determine if signal arising from a switching force field adaptation task can localize the neural representations of fast and slow learning states in the brain. Our results show that our task produces reliable behavioral estimates of fast and slow learning states, and distinctly measurable fMRI activations associated with each state under realistic levels of behavioral and measurement noise. Execution of this protocol with the MR-Softwrist will extend our knowledge of how the brain learns to control movement.

ICF categories compromised in Migraine

Objective: To identify which categories of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) are compromised in patients with migraine from the perspective of health professionals. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the headache outpatient clinic of the Clinical Hospital of Pernambuco, Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital and at the Motor Learning and Control Laboratory of the Federal University of Pernambuco. A five-section printed and online questionnaire based on ICF checkList 2.1 was used. Health professionals from different specialities who had experience in treating patients with migraine were invited. Professionals were instructed to complete the questionnaire and to choose, based on their clinical experience, which categories had the highest degree of impairment or the highest relationship with the clinical condition of migraine patients. A cut-off point of 70% for approval of categories was considered. Results: Sixteen professionals were enrolled in the survey. The questionnaire was compost by 106 categories, of which 32 reached the cutoff point of 70% to be considered approved. Among these categories, seven (21.8%) are part of the body functions component, five (15.6%) body structures, thirteen (40.6%) activities, and participation and seven (21.8%). of environmental factors. Conclusion: In the perception of health professionals, individuals with migraine present impairment in all domains of the ICF and the activity and participation domains presented the highest number of compromised categories.

Heritability of proprioceptive senses

Heritability studies using the twin model have provided the basis to disentangle genetic and environmental factors that contribute to several complex human traits. However, the relative importance of these factors to individual differences in proprioception is largely unknown despite the fact that proprioceptive senses are of great importance, allowing us to respond to stimuli stemming from the space around us and react to altering circumstances. Hence, a total of 44 healthy male twins (11 MZ and 11 DZ pairs), 19–28 yr old, were examined for movement, position, and force sense at the elbow joint, and their heritability estimates were computed. Results showed that genetic factors explained 1) 72 and 76% of the total variance of movement sense at the start and the end of the movement, respectively, 2) 60 to 77% of the total variance of position sense, depending on the angle of elbow flexion and whether forearm positioning was active or passive, and 3) 73 and 70% of the total variance of the force sense at 90 and 60° of elbow flexion, respectively. It is concluded that proprioception assessed by these conscious sensations is to a substantial degree genetically dependent, with heritability indexes ranging from 0.60 to 0.77, depending on the task.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Proprioceptive acuity varies among people, but it is not known how much of this variability is due to differences in their genes. This study is the first to report that proprioception, expressed as movement sense, position sense, and force sense, is substantially heritable, and it is conceivable that this may have implications for motor learning and control, neural development, and neurorehabilitation.

Closing the Loop: From Motor Neuroscience to Neurorehabilitation

The fields of human motor control, motor learning, and neurorehabilitation have long been linked by the intuition that understanding how we move (and learn to move) leads to better rehabilitation. In reality, these fields have remained largely separate. Our knowledge of the neural control of movement has expanded, but principles that can directly impact rehabilitation efficacy remain somewhat sparse. This raises two important questions: What can basic studies of motor learning really tell us about rehabilitation, and are we asking the right questions to improve the lives of patients? This review aims to contextualize recent advances in computational and behavioral studies of human motor learning within the framework of neurorehabilitation. We also discuss our views of the current challenges facing rehabilitation and outline potential clinical applications from recent theoretical and basic studies of motor learning and control.

PENGARUH INTELIGENSI, KELENTUKAN, DAN MOTOR EDUCABILITY TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR JURUS TUNGGAL PENCAK SILAT

The background to this research is the unfavorable of the learning outcomes in pencak silat single artistic. The purpose this research was to determine the effect of intelligence, flexibility, and motor educability of the learning outcomes in pencak silat single artistic student on Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Pencak Silat Islamic University “45”. This research was conducted at Islamic University “45” Bekasi, Jl. Cut Meutia No. 83 Bekasi in November 2016 with survey method, technical analysts use path analysis. The population this research is the student on Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Pencak Silat Islamic University “45 amount to 30 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling amounted to 16 people. The instruments used are learning outcomes in pencak silat single artistic used assessment rubric scale of 3 (good, enough and less), an intelligence test, sit and reach test, and Motor Educability Iowa Brace Test. The conclusion is: (1) Intelligence directly affects the learning outcomes of pencak silat single artistic, (2) flexibility has no directly affects the learning outcomes of pencak silat single artistic, (3) Motor educability directly affect the the learning outcomes of pencak silat single artistic, (4) Intelligence directly affects the motor educability, and (5) flexibility directly affects the motor educability. References Arikunto, S. (2013). Prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktik. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. Badriah, D.L. (2009). Fisiologi olahraga edisi II. Bandung: Multazam. Edwards, H. W. (2011). Motor learning and control: Form theory to practice. USA: Wadsworth. Haqiyah, A., & Mulyana., et al. (2017). The effect of intelligence, leg muscle strength, and balance towards the learning outcomes of pencak silat with empty-handed single artistic. JETL (Journal of Education, Teaching And Learning), 2, 211-217. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v2i2.288 Haqiyah, A. (2016). Pengaruh inteligensi, kekuatan otot tungkai, dan keseimbangan terhadap hasil belajar jurus tunggal tangan kosong pencak silat. PERSPEKTIF Ilmu Pendidikan, 30(2), 125-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.21009/PIP.302.7 Hasil MUNAS XII IPSI. (2007). Peraturan pertandingan pencak silat. Diakses melalui https://ipsibalikpapan.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/peraturanpertandinganpencaksilat.pdf Kadir. (2015). Statistika terapan. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. Kuswana, W.S. (2014). Biopsikologi pembelajaran perilaku. Bandung: Alfabeta. Lubis, J. & Wardoyo, H. (2014). Pencak silat edisi kedua. Jakarta: Rajawali Sport. Nuraini, S. (2014). Hasil belajar jurus tunggal pencak silat tangan kosong, studi eksperimen tentang gaya mengajar, umpan balik dan motor educability pada mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Disertasi. Jakarta: Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Schmidt, R.A. (2000). Motor control and learning. United State America: Human Kinetics. Schmidt & Wrisberg. (2000). Motor learning and performance. Champaign: Human Kinetics. Soemanto, W. (2012). Psikologi pendidikan landasan kerja pemimpin pendidikan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Tangkudung, J. (2012). Kepelatihan olahraga. Jakarta: Cerdas Jaya. Van der Fels, I.M.J. & C.M te Wierike, S., et al. (2015). The relationship between motor skill and cognitive skills in 4-16 years old typically developing children: A systematic review Elsevier. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 18(6), 697–703. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.09.007 Widiastuti. (2015). Tes dan pengukuran olahraga. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. Zubaidi, A. (2009). Tes inteligensi. Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media.