Production and Marketing Efficiency of Ghritkumari Cultivation in Rajasthan

The present study was conducted in the Churu district of Rajasthan. Total eighty farmers were selected randomly from two tehsil and four villages from each tehsil. The cost of cultivation per hectare increased during the first year and decreased in the second year and onwards. Net return was lower during the first year and increased during the second year onwards of Ghritkumari cultivation. It is found that the marketing efficiency of Channel-I was (2.66), followed by Channel-II (1.01) and Channel-III (0.60). The study suggested establishing a regulated market and emphasizing the marketing of Ghritkumari crops through the direct channel (Producer ? Processing unit) in the Churu district of Rajasthan. Keywords: Cost, and price, marketing channel efficiency, marketing channel, medicinal plant. JEL Codes: Q13, Q16, Q18.

OFDMA Backoff Control Scheme for Improving Channel Efficiency in the Dynamic Network Environment of IEEE 802.11ax WLANs

IEEE 802.11ax uplink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)-based random access (UORA) is a new feature for random channel access in wireless local area networks (WLANs). Similar to the legacy random access scheme in WLANs, UORA performs the OFDMA backoff (OBO) procedure to access the channel and decides on a random OBO counter within the OFDMA contention window (OCW) value. An access point (AP) can determine the OCW range and inform each station (STA) of it. However, how to determine a reasonable OCW range is beyond the scope of the IEEE 802.11ax standard. The OCW range is crucial to the UORA performance, and it primarily depends on the number of contending STAs, but it is challenging for the AP to accurately and quickly estimate or keep track of the number of contending STAs without the aid of a specific signaling mechanism. In addition, the one for this purpose incurs an additional delay and overhead in the channel access procedure. Therefore, the performance of a UORA scheme can be degraded by an improper OCW range, especially when the number of contending STAs changes dynamically. We first observed the effect of OCW values on channel efficiency and derived its optimal value from an analytical model. Next, we proposed a simple yet effective OBO control scheme where each STA determines its own OBO counter in a distributed manner rather than adjusting the OCW value globally. In the proposed scheme, each STA determines an appropriate OBO counter depending on whether the previous transmission was successful or not so that collisions can be mitigated without leaving OFDMA resource units unnecessarily idle. The results of a simulation study confirm that the throughput of the proposed scheme is comparable to the optimal OCW-based scheme and is improved by up to 15 times compared to the standard UORA scheme.

Joint Channel Assignment and Bandwidth Reservation using Improved FireFly Algorithm (IFA) in WMN

In WMN, at the time of network consignment and bandwidth registration, the active network consignment method did not take into consideration the intrusion, congestion load and bandwidth necessities as a whole. The significance centred bandwidth registration methods result in famishment of slightest significance congestion. Hence in this paper, we propose a Joint Channel Assignment and Bandwidth Reservation using Improved FireFly Algorithm (IFA) in WMN. Initially the priority of each node is determined based on the channel usage, future interference and link congestion probability metrics. The bandwidth is allocated straight, comparative to the nodule significance and entire quantity of congestion movements incomplete on the demanded nodule. For channel assignment and path selection, the improved FireFly Algorithm (IFA) is used. The objective function of IFA is determined in terms of link capacity, interference and flow conservation constraints. Then the channels and the path which minimize the objective function are selected by applying IFA. By simulation results we show that the proposed technique minimizes the traffic and enhances the channel efficiency.

Marketing Channel Efficiency of Almond Products: Evidence from Samangan and Balkh-Afghanistan

The objectives of this study are to determine the most efficient marketing channels for almond producers. The marketing of almond products plays a significant role for small–scale farmers that provide income and towards sustainable rural livelihoods. The sample size of the producers included 125 farmers who were taken by the stratified sampling method. In addition, 15 contractors/middlemen, 12 retailers, 8 wholesalers, 8 support service providers, and 7 exporters have been surveyed, and the total number of participants reached 175 respondents. Descriptive statistics, marketing efficiency analysis methods were used to analyses data of this research. According to the results of Acharya and Aggarwal methods, the marketing efficiency analysis, the marketing channels were ranked according to their efficiency levels, which were found 11.17 for Channel 2 (wholesalers), 6.53 for Channel 1 (middlemen or agents), 3.36 for Channel 4 (exporters) and 1.88 for Channel 3 (retailers). Afghanistan almonds are large potential for the development and efficiency of almonds marketing in the study area as almond production is one of the major cash products in the Samangan and Balkh that has positively increased the welfare of the producers and intermediaries.

Hydraulic efficiency of irrigation channels in the course of operation

Introduction. The co-authors have analyzed different reasons for the reduction of the hydraulic efficiency of irrigation channels comprising hydro-technical reclamation systems. The main factors include plant invasion, siltation and deformation of beds. The co-authors provide data describing changes in the values of bed roughness ratios and efficiency of main and distributary channels in the process of operation in the south of Russia. Materials and methods. The hydraulic efficiency of irrigation and drainage systems will be called the pro-vision of their high throughput, close to the design, with minimal losses. They are based on throughput capacity and efficiency values, acceptable flow rates and water losses due to the process of filtration. The criteria have been developed in furtherance of the analysis of operation of irrigation channels and previous studies. Results. Factors reducing throughput capacity and channel efficiency have been identified for normal operating conditions; dependences needed to identify other hydraulic efficiency factors are also provided. Based on the analysis of actual data, the efficiency of main canals in the earthen bed is 0,790, and for canals in the cladding — 0,870, which is significantly lower than the re-quirements of the norms. Computer assisted processing of the field data on roughness and channel efficiency ratios, obtained under normal conditions, was performed to obtain empirical dependences n = f(Q) and η = f(Q). The field data describing changes in the throughput capacity of linings and earth beds of irrigation channels exposed to significant plant invasions (vegetation and algae) are provided for comparison purposes. The influence of these factors is demonstrated in the photos and proven by the values of roughness ratios that are two to four times different from the design ones. Conclusions. Comparison of the roughness coefficients for 15 canals and sections with strong overgrowth with the design data indicates that for canals in the earthen channel their roughness increases by 2.5...4.0 times, and for canals in the lining — 1.7...2.5 times. Weedy bed roughness ratios were obtained by applying theoretical formulas and the field data, their comparison has demonstrated close convergence in respect of three channels, including Nizhne-Donskoy and Azovsky main channels, as well as distributary channel Bg-R-7.

PERBAIKAN LINTASAN PRODUKSI DENGAN PENERAPAN LARGE CANDIDATE RULE (LCR) DAN KILLBRIDGE AND WESTER PADA PROSES PRODUKSI DI PT EJ

PT. EJ is a company that manufactures stoves. Problems experienced by PT. EJ, the production line is not optimal. As a result this has resulted in waiting times at several existing work stations. This phenomenon occurs due to the inability of companies to control production trajectory times and improper allocation of machinery and human resources. The purpose of this study is to determine a balanced production line at PT. EJ to produce optimal production processes. The method used to support the purpose of this study is the Large Candidate Rule (LCR) and Killbridge & Wester methods. As a reference method with the highest recommended path efficiency results. The results of research conducted at PT. EJ is a condition that currently runs channel efficiency reaching 68.85%, delays in balance 31.15% and smoothness index 19.065 with the number of work stations 9. After the Killbridge & Wester method is applied, the channel efficiency value increases by 77.46 %, delays in balances decreased to 22.54% and the smoothness index increased at 10.76 with 8 work stations.

Bargaining Process and Channel Efficiency

The behavioral literature has demonstrated that the format of supply chain contracts matters even when theoretically it should not and that contracts that in theory coordinate channels fail to do so in laboratory experiments. The existing body of experimental evidence uses an ultimatum bargaining protocol to test analytical models, but there is no reason to think that bargaining in supply chains is in the form of ultimatum offers. We investigate the effect of bargaining on contract performance by extending the bargaining protocol to allow the manufacturer to make concessions. We test coordinating contract with bargaining in the laboratory by comparing wholesale price and the two-part tariff contracts using two different bargaining protocols. We then develop and estimate a statistical model of behavior with bargaining and find that this model organizes our data well. Our main finding is that the contracts that we study are more efficient when participants are allowed to make concessions. The additional channel efficiency is owing to more efficient offers made by manufacturers. The higher channel efficiency primarily benefits the retailer—the weaker party. Our main contribution is the observation that, when testing analytical models of contracts in the laboratory, the way that the bargaining process is implemented, such as the ability to make concessions, has a critical effect on conclusions. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.