Effect of combinations of fertilizers on yield and quality of three maize varieties

"A field experiment was carried out during autumn season of 2019 to study the effect of combination of mineral fertilizers, moringa leaf extract and tryptophan acid on yield and quality of three synthetic varieties of maize and the possibility of replacing part of the mineral fertilizers with these organic maters.The experiment included three synthetic varieties of maize (bohooth-5018, Baghdad-3 and Sumer) in the main plots and five fertilizer treatments(application mineral fertilizer as recommended, application 50% of mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 3% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 50 ppm and application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm ) in the sub plots. The results showed that maize varieties had no-significant difference in all studied characters. Application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% gave the highest grain yield(8.732 tan ha-1) and all its components (number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row) and oil percentage (10.72%).While application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm was superior in weight of 500 grains (108.89 g) and protein percentage (3.91%)."

Effect of combinations of fertilizers on yield and quality of three maize varieties

"A field experiment was carried out during autumn season of 2019 at Field Crops Department - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, Iraq to study the effect of combination of mineral fertilizers, moringa leaf extract and tryptophan acid on yield and quality of three synthetic varieties of maize and the possibility of replacing part of the mineral fertilizers with these organic maters. The layout of the experiment was Randomized Complete Blocks Design in split plots arrangement with three replicates .The experiment included three synthetic varieties of maize (bohooth-5018, Baghdad-3 and Sumer) in the main plots and five fertilizer treatments(application mineral fertilizer as recommended, application 50% of mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 3% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 50 ppm and application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm ) in the sub plots. The results showed that maize varieties had no-significant difference in all studied characters. Application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% gave the highest grain yield (8.732 tan ha-1 )and all its components (number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row) and oil percentage (10.72%).While application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm was superior in weight of 500 grains (108.89 g) and protein percentage (10.72%)."

Effect of Selenium in Reducing Heat Stress in Spring Maize and its Reflects on Grain Yield

"A field experiment was applied in the research station of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya Complex during the spring cycle of the 2020 agricultural season with the aim of studying the effect of selenium in reducing heat stress to which yellow corn is exposed during the pollination and fertilization phase in the spring loop and its reflection on the yield and its components For two synthetic varieties. A randomized complete block design was used with the arrangement of split plates with three replications, such as the first factor in the main panels two synthetic varieties of yellow corn (5018 and Baghdad 3) and the secondary plates five parameters of selenium and included three levels of seed soaking with selenium (0, 2 and 5 mg. L -1). Selenium spray at two concentrations of 10 and 20 mg L-1 in addition to the comparison treatment (without soaking or spraying) The results showed that the two cultivars did not differ significantly in most of the characteristics of the grain yield and some of its components, while the selenium treatments were significantly superior to the grain yield compared to the comparison treatment. The treatment of plant spraying with selenium at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 led to an increase in the fertility rate. By 12.91%, this treatment increased the grain yield by 69.23%. This is as a result of its superiority in the characteristic of the length of ear, the number of active ear, the number of rows in the ear, the number of grains in the row, the number of grains in ear and the number of grains in plant. In general spraying trt. gave best results than soaking so we recommended spraying selenium in order to reduce the effect of high temperatures in spring maize."

Effect of combinations of fertilizers on yield and quality of three maize varieties

"A field experiment was carried out during autumn season of 2019 to study the effect of combination of mineral fertilizers, moringa leaf extract and tryptophan acid on yield and quality of three synthetic varieties of maize and the possibility of replacing part of the mineral fertilizers with these organic maters.The experiment included three synthetic varieties of maize (bohooth-5018, Baghdad-3 and Sumer) in the main plots and five fertilizer treatments(application mineral fertilizer as recommended, application 50% of mineral fertilizer+ spraying moringa leaf extract at 3% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 50 ppm and application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm ) in the sub plots. The results showed that maize varieties had no-significant difference in all studied characters. Application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% gave the highest grain yield(8.732 tan ha-1) and all its components (number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row) and oil percentage (10.72%).While application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm was superior in weight of 500 grains (108.89 g) and protein percentage (3.91%)."

HETEROSIS AND GRAIN YIELD AND COMPONENT IT BY USE (LINE×TESTER) OF INBRED LINES MAIZE

A field experiment was conducted at Northwest of Ramadi .Ten inbred lines by using Line×tester mating method. On spring season 2018 seeds were planted, at an thesis crossing between inbreds and tester was done. On fall season 2018 for crosses and parents using RCBD with three replications to evaluate and estimate heterosis. The results of statistical analysis for these parents and their crosses were highly significant differences for all traits. Genetic analysis shows superiority the inbred KR640 was best for plant height 183.16 cm, number of grain/row 34.34 grain and grain yield 148.43 g .The tester A105 gave high value in grain yield was 145.62 g . The cross (B73 × IK8) gave high leaves area 0.511 cm, no of grain per rows 39.21grain and grain yield 217.05 g. The crosses (B73 × IK8) gave highly positive hybrid vigor to better parent and mid parent for no. of grain per rows was %28.21 and %42.24 grain yield was %79.10 and %81.71. we can conclude the possibility of using superior inbreeds to produce hybrids or use selection for it and produce synthetic varieties.

Evaluation of Italian and Spanish Accessions of Brassica rapa L.: Effect of Flowering Earliness on Fresh Yield and Biological Value

A comparative study for evaluating Italian and Spanish accessions of Brassica rapa var. rapa L., including turnip greens and turnip tops, was carried out at different locations with a view to determine the effect of earliness on crop production, antioxidant activity, glucosinolates amount, and profile (GLSs) and total phenolics content. The accessions evaluated were represented by two turnip top local varieties (one Italian variety and a Galician one), four new synthetic varieties established by Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), and three commercial varieties widely used by growers in Galicia and in Italy. The results showed a great variability regarding flowering time, fresh and dry weight of the leaves and flower buds, and the branch number per plant. The highest turnip greens production was found in two synthetic varieties (“SIN07” and “SIN01”) for both countries. Local varieties “BRS550” and “CM39” were also suitable for turnip greens production in Spain and Italy, respectively. For turnip tops, the highest production was found for “SIN07” in Spain, for “CM39” in Italy and for “BRS550” in both countries. We found a high diversity in the total and individual glucosinolate, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity among genotypes, geographical origins, and the different parts of the plant (leaf and flower). Varieties “SIN01” and “SIN07” showed the highest values in total GLSs, total aliphatic and gluconapin contents in turnip greens followed by the two commercial varieties. For turnip tops, the highest values in gluconapin, aliphatic, and total GLSs contents were found in “SIN01” and “BRS550”. Even though different varieties stand out over the rest depending on the location, “SIN01”, “SIN07”, “CM39”, and “BRS550” could be recommended for turnip greens production because of its high antioxidant activity. The study showed that the latest varieties are more productive and show higher bioactive compounds than the earlier ones and that it is possible to improve genotypes for different growing cycles. Therefore, these varieties could be proposed for further breeding programs for B. rapa production.

Breeding synthetic varieties in annual caraway: observations on the outcrossing rate in a polycross using a high-throughput genotyping system

Caraway (Carum carvi) is an economically important spice and medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family (syn. Umbelliferrae). Farmers often favor annual cultivation of caraway. However, the annual varieties, which are currently available, do not provide satisfying seed yields. Employing heterosis can be a promising approach to increase yield. Breeding of synthetic varieties utilizes heterosis and may be the method of choice for future caraway breeding. Knowledge of the outcrossing rate is important to evaluate the effectiveness of this breeding method. However, the outcrossing rate of caraway is unknown so far. We estimated the outcrossing rate of seven inbred lines under field conditions in a neighbor-balanced polycross design. For this purpose, we implemented a high-throughput genotyping system (PACE), accompanied by a high-throughput method for DNA extraction adapted to caraway. In total, more than 1300 individual plants were genotyped. We found a high variability of lines regarding outcrossing rate and other traits associated with flowering. The outcrossing rate was on average 66.5% and ranged from 51.6 to 82%. We discussed implications of our findings on the targeted breeding method.

Developing Heterotic Groups for Successful Hybrid Breeding in Perennial Ryegrass

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), an important forage grass species in temperate regions, is genetically improved by population breeding. Although valued for their broad genetic base, the resulting synthetic varieties only partially exploit heterosis. Hybrid breeding offers opportunities to fix beneficial heterotic patterns more effectively and, hence, to increase the yield potential. A suspected bottleneck in the production of perennial ryegrass hybrids is the genetic intermixture of existing germplasm, impeding the definition of heterotic groups. In this study, selected parental populations of a diploid and tetraploid cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-based hybrid breeding program were characterized using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Hybrid populations, derived from 26 parental combinations of the tetraploid breeding program, were tested for yield performance and compared to synthetic varieties at five sites over four growing seasons. The hybrids significantly outperformed the synthetics by 4.15% on average for total dry matter yield. Additionally, GBS revealed the existence of sub-populations within the tetraploid CMS germplasm. This sub-population structure represents the untapped potential that could be exploited for heterosis to further increase biomass yields. Here, we show that CMS hybrids generate substantial yield gains in perennial ryegrass and provide a method to further improve hybrid breeding, using GBS to select for heterotic groups.