Fungi causing dying out of heather seedlings

The aim of the study was to determine the fungi causing dying out of one-yearold heather seedlings. Observations were carried out on: 'Amethyst', 'Annemarie', 'Colette', 'Perestroika' and 'Reini'. The shoots revealing necrotic symptoms were plated on PDA medium. 25 species of fungi were isolated. Among them <i>Pestalotia sydowiana</i>, <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Cylindrocarpon destructans</i>, <i>Leptosphaeria coniothyrium</i> and <i>Epicoccum purpurascens</i> were dominant, while <i>Mammaria echinobotryoides</i>, <i>Phoma leveillei</i>, <i>Kaissleriella subalpina</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> and <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> occurred less frequently.

Fungus diseases of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in Finland

During 1978—1981 a total of nearly 200 raspberry cane samples were investigated originating mainly from southern and eastern Finland. The samples consisted of young and already fruited canes injuried to different degrees. Phoma sp., the conidial stage of Didymella applanata (Niessl) Sacc., causer of raspberry spur blight, was most common of the isolated fungi; the perfect stage did not develope until afer preservation in cold. The peak of pycnospore release on raspberry canes was in July 1981. Other weak wound pathogens were isolated: Fusarium avenaceum (Cda. ex Fr.) Sacc., which occurred in 22 % of the transfers, F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc., Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. and the secondly most common Phoma species, P. exigua Desm. v. exigua Maas. The fungi mentioned above were mainly obtained from different depths of the raspberry stem tissues, the least on an average from the pith. Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissl. was the most common ’surface fungus’, Phialophora spp., wood rotting saprophytes, common also in the pith. Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fckl.) Sacc., the most strong of the pathogens, was rare in the samples. The occurrence of Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten in root samples changed 8-70 %. The cv. Muskoka is more susceptible to spur blight than cv. Ottawa. On the other hand, the larvae of raspberry cane midge (Resseliella theobaldi (Barnes)) produced plenty of injuries in Ottawa-samples originating from Mikkeli in 1980 and thus increased also the fungal damage.

Leptosphaeria coniothyrium. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

A description is provided for Leptosphaeria coniothyrium. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Rosa and Rubus spp. and a wide range of hosts which it attacks as a wound parasite or saprophyte. DISEASES: Cane blight of raspberry, boysenberry, blackberry (43, 798; 56, 753; 56, 5722); graft canker of roses (49, 3349). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia & Oceania, Europe, North and South America, Central America and West Indies (CMI Map 185, ed. 3, 1978). New records not mapped are: Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Zambia); Asia (Bangladesh, Burma, Israel, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Turkey); South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: By air, soil and waterborne-conidia (28, 340). Infection through wounds caused by mechanical injury, pruning or hailstones (39, 426; 52, 1753g; 56, 5721; 57, 4554).

Leptosphaeria coniothyrium. [Distribution map].

A new distribution map is provided for Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fuckel) Sacc. Hosts: Rose (Rosa), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, Rhodesia, South Africa, Uganda, ASIA, Brunei, China (Kiangsu), Hong-Kong, India (Madhya Pradesh) (Himachal Pradesh), Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia (Sabah), Nepal, Pakistan, USSR (Armenia) (Republic of Georgia) (Turkmenistan), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (New South Wales), Br. Solomon Islands, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, EUROPE, Austria, Britain and Northern Ireland, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, USSR (Caucasus), (Latvia), (Lithuania), (Moscow), (Estonia), (Ukraine), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada (General), USA (General), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Cuba, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Rio Grande do Sul), Brazil, Colombia.