Analysis of Environmental Pollutants as Diabetogenic Agent in the Patient Suffering from Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus can be defined as a metabolic disorder which leads to high level of glucose in blood and lead to the diabetic patients to develop various severe and fatal health problems.. If the concentration of glucose in blood will high then it affects various body organs including eyes, nerves, foot, kidneys and heart and ultimately leads to serious complications. In this, the pancreas is not able to produce enough insulin. As a result, body becomes unable to consume nutrients appropriately.Diabetes mellitus was primarily described by Egyptians. The word “Diabetes” which means “to pass through” was 1st time used by a Greek physician Araetus of Cappodocia.According to Araetus, diabetes is associated with polyuria. While the word “Mellitus” is a Latin word which means “Sweet or Honey”. Major signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus includes Frequent urination, Excessive thirst, Excessive hunger, Sudden loss in weight, Vision problems, Slow healing of wounds, injuries and Sweating etc. Major complications of diabetes are Nephropathy Neuropathy Retinopathy Cardiovascular Disorders Amputation.There are many reasons of diabetes such as genetic factor, age, poor life style but environmental pollutants also have their role in diabetes. There are many environmental pollutant such as lead, zinc, mercury oxide, nitrate,sulphate, cadmium and Arsenic etc. The presence of arsenic (As) in drinking water has become a major public health concern around the world specially in Pakistan.Arsenic inhibits differentiation of adipocyte and mediates insulin resistance with diminutive information on arsenicosis on lipid storage and lipolysis.So the main target of research is to determine the effect of Arsenic and their control in order to decrease the number of diabetic patients.

Development and Evaluation of Monoxide Based Flexible Skin Dosimeter for Radiotherapy at Photon Energies

Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation that can cause various side effects depending on the patient's exposure. In particular, side effects occur in the skin due to its radiation exposure to reach the target volume. Therefore, side effects are reduced by clinical trials using various skin dosimeters such as films and glass detectors to determine the dose exposed to the skin. However, accurately measuring the doses using these dosimeters is challenging due to human curvature. In this study, a flexible skin dosimeter was produced using the photoconductor materials mercury oxide (HgO) and lead oxide (PbO). The performance of the proposed dosimeter was evaluated by measuring reproducibility, linearity, dose rate independency according to dose, and percent depth dose (PDD) at photon energy beam. The results showed that the flexible skin dosimeter using HgO material has high applicability as a skin dosimeter due to its stability compared to PbO. The results provide useful insights for the radiation therapy field, particularly in areas where radiation measurement is difficult, depending on the human curvature. The proposed flexible skin dosimeter could serve in various radiation detection areas as a flexible, functional material

Evidence for electron-tunneling-limited Knudsen diffusion of mercury in phosphor layers and coatings of fluorescent lamps

Recent experimental studies and modelling of the mercury loss (i.e. the mercury consumption) in fluorescent lamps yield diffusion coefficients of mobile mercury in phosphor layers and coatings, which are several orders of magnitude smaller than expected for a gas diffusion in a situation in which the mean free path of the diffusing particles is restricted by the pore radius in those materials (Knudsen diffusion). In the present work it is shown that the transition of mercury ions from the plasma to the Knudsen diffusion regime may be one reason for this observation. Another possibility is that only discharged ions from the plasma form the mercury oxide as which mercury is deposited in the phosphor layer and coating, from the investigation of which the diffusion coefficient of mobile mercury is concluded by fitting the model to the experiment.

Дослідження процесів утворення та накопичення водню сплавами типу AB5 при контактному заряді з цинковим електродом

The purpose of the work was to determine the optimal composition of hydrogen storage alloy AB5-type for the efficient hydrogen production and accumulation upon the contact charge with a zinc anode. The structure and phase composition of the alloys, which were obtained using argon arc melting, were studied using x-ray phase analysis. To conduct electrochemical studies, composite electrodes were made from a mixture of alloy powder (d <40 μm) and copper (99.9% purity) in a ratio of 1 to 3. Electrochemical properties were studied using voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry in a standard three-electrode cell with a Pt (or Zn) counter electrode and a mercury oxide (Hg / HgO) reference electrode . Hydrogen capacity of the alloys was examined by galvanostatic cycling using 100 mA•h-1 current. A comparative analysis of the contact charge efficiency of electrodes made of hydrogen-absorbing alloys of AB5 alloys paired with a Zn anode was carried out. First of all, we investigated the fundamental possibility and efficiency of a charge in this way of an electrode made using the initial LaNi5 alloy. It was shown that for LaNi5-xMx alloys (where M is Co, Al, Mn), the electrochemical and sorption properties substantially depend on the nature and amount of the substituent. Based on the research results, a multicomponent alloy MmNi3.6Co0.7Mn0.3Al0.4 was obtained and it was shown that it has good abilities and can be used for contact hydrogen production. The method of contact charge (internal electrolysis) has been first used to obtain hydrogen by AB5-type intermetallic alloys. We have shown the dependence of the alloy composition on the efficiency of such a charge method. A new method of producing and storing hydrogen is proposed, which does not require an electric energy source. This method can be used for backup or emergency charging of nickel-metal hydride batteries. The high purity of the resulting hydrogen allows it to be used for fuel cells or chemical synthesis.

Assessment of mercury pollution sources in beach sand and coastal soil by speciation analysis

Background An essential requisite for controlling and monitoring mercury in the environment is to identify its species in different types of soils and sediments, as this will help not only to establish its mobility in the environment and ecosystem and the degree of its toxicity, but also to establish the source of contamination. The objective of this work was to identify the origin of mercury in beach sands and soil taken from a coastal region with previously high mining and industrial activity by characterizing the mercury species using the technique known as thermal desorption (HgTPD). Results Apart from quartz, the main mineral species identified in the raw sands and soil were calcite, fluorite and barite. The concentration of mercury ranges from 5 to 23 µg g−1, and although it is distributed in different proportions in the function of the size, thermal desorption profiles demonstrated that the mercury species present in the samples do not vary with the mercury concentration and the particle size. By means of HgTPD, mercury oxide (HgO) was identified in the beach sands, whereas mercury sulfide (HgS) was found in the soil sample taken from the vicinity of the beach. Complementary methodologies foster the HgTPD conclusions and verify that mercury is present mostly in insoluble stable (HgS) or low-mobility (HgO) forms in the samples studied. Analyses by ICP-MS after sequential extraction and HPLC separation of mercury species show that inorganic mercury is the predominant form in the samples. Conclusions The technique HgTPD is a very useful tool to ascertain the origin of mercury in contaminated beach sands and shoreline soils. In the particular area studied in this work, the species identified indicate that previous mining activity was the source of the mercury and rule out the possibility that contamination is derived from coal combustion activities ongoing in the region.

Kinetic Analysis of the Thermal Decomposition of a Synthetic Mercury Jarosite

Jarosites are widely used in the hydrometallurgical industry of zinc to eliminate iron and other impurities contained in the concentrates. However, these compounds can also incorporate elements of significant environmental concern such as Tl+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr(VI), and As(V). In this work, the characterization of a synthetic mercury jarosite and its thermal decomposition kinetics are reported. XRD and FTIR analyses confirm that a mercury jarosite—Hg0.40(H3O)0.2]Fe2.71(SO4)2.17(OH)4.79(H2O)0.44—was successfully synthesized. Four mass loss events were observed by thermogravimetric analysis at 290 °C, 365 °C, 543 °C, and 665 °C. The third event corresponds to mercury decomposition into mercury oxide, whilst the forth is related to the jarosite to hematite transformation determined by X-ray diffraction starting at around 600 °C. According to the kinetic parameters (activation energy and frequency factor) of the thermal decomposition process, the fourth stage required the highest energy (Ea = 234.7 kJ∙mol−1), which corresponds to elimination of sulfur and oxygen from the jarosite lattice. Results show that jarosite-type compounds have the capability to incorporate heavy metals into their structure, retaining them even at high temperatures. Therefore, they can be used as a remediation strategy for heavy metals, such as mercury and others elements of environmental concern.

Eco-Pap: The Ecological Modification of the Papanicolaou Stain for Sustainable Cervical Cancer Diagnosis

Objectives: To validate the ecological modification of the Papanicolaou stain (Eco-Pap) for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. Study Design: A prospective study was performed at the Mother and Child “San Bartolomé” Hospital, Lima, Peru. Reagent handling strategies were divided into three phases: we used (1) Harris progressive hematoxylin (for nuclear staining), (2) a polychromatic solution (a mix of EA-36/Orange G-6 to suppress the use of several alcohol baths), and (3) direct mounting (with Entellan® solution). The cellular details were analyzed by the staining quality index, an external quality control, and the Bethesda System 2014. Results: We evaluated 72,901 cervical smears stained with the Eco-Pap. The validation of the Eco-Pap against the conventional Pap stain was optimal (κ = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.87–0.92), showing a sensibility and specificity of 88.3% (95% CI: 85.1–90.0) and 98.7% (95% CI: 98–99.2), respectively. The Eco-Pap dramatically reduced the environmental pollution caused by 72 L of xylene, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia (6 L each) and mercury oxide. Conclusion: The Eco-Pap is an innovative and efficient staining method reducing the use of toxic reagents with carcinogenic potential during cervical cancer screening by exfoliative cytology.

Demodex mites – characteristics, pathogenicity, diagnostics

<I>Demodex</I> is a mite that colonise the human skin and thus can contribute to initiation of demodicosis – a disease caused in humans by two species (D. folliculorum and D. brevis). Demodicosis mostly involves eyes and facial skin, whereas it has become increasingly associated as an pathologic factor in diabetes mellitus and cancer. Demodex diagnostics is based on a simple classical microscopy. The availability of modern molecular biology techniques helps to get to know interspecies diversity of Demodex. Local treatment with mercury oxide, ointments containing metronidazole and combined therapy with ivermectin are used in the treatment of demodex invasion. The effectivity of tea tree oil ointment (TTOO) has been also confirmed. Diagnostics towards the demodex mite colonization is gaining in popularity. It is possible to diagnose it easily as a pathogenic factor in many diseases due to development of diagnostic methods.

New heterocyclic compounds from 1,2,4-trizoles and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles class containing 5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene moiety

In this paper we present the synthesis of the new heterocyclic compounds with 5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene moiety obtained by cyclization of 2-acylhydrazinecarbothioamides (2a,b). The acylhydrazinecarbothioamides were obtained by treating 2-(5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl)acetohydrazide (1) with 2,5-difluorophenyl or 3-bromophenyl isothiocyanates. 2-Amino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (3a,b) were synthesized by cyclization of 2- acylhydrazinecarbothioamides in the presence of mercury oxide. The new 1,2,4-triazole-3-thioles (4a,b) were synthesized by cyclization, in alkaline media, of the corresponding acylhydrazinecarbothioamide. The structures of the new compounds synthesized were investigated by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and elemental analysis.