In vitro Evaluation of Isatin derivatives as Potent Anti-Breast Cancer Agents against MCF-7, MDA MB 231, MDA-MB 435 and MDA-MB 468 Breast Cancers cell lines: A Review

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most frequent malignancy and most common reasons of impermanence in women. The backbone of therapy for BC is principally chemotherapy, but due to its non-specific nature between normal cells and cancer cells and severe side effects are the main barriers in its therapy. So, there is an intense requirement for the enlargement of more efficacious, more specific and safer anti-BC agents. Objective: Isatin (IST) is an endogenous molecule which is a principal class of heterocyclic compounds and exhibits a wide range of therapeutic activities which can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of several drug molecules. Many literatures were reported previously on different pharmacological activities of IST derivatives and particularly on anticancer activity but this review mainly focus on anti-BC activities of IST derivatives through MCF-7, MDA MB 231, MDA-MB 435 and MDA-MB 468 cell lines. Here in we mentioned, a total 33 IST derivatives (compound 24- 56) which shown good anti-BC activity. IST derived compounds are also available in market and are used for various cancer types like sunitinib for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and Nintedanib used for the cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis treatment but when evaluated for BC did not get much success. Conclusion: This review mainly highlights anti-BC activities of various IST analogues using MCF-7, MDA MB 231, MDA-MB 435 and MDA-MB 468 cell lines, display the potent compound of the series and structure-activity relationships of compounds with molecular docking also. So, this study mainly shows the importance of IST as major sources for drug design and development of newer anti-BC drugs.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

The synonymous terms idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis refer to a relentlessly progressive fibrotic lung disorder. Incidence is about 5–15 per 100,000, men are more often affected than women, and it most commonly presents in the seventh and eighth decades. Aetiology remains uncertain. Typical presentation is with progressive exertional dyspnoea without wheeze, a non-productive cough, digital clubbing, and very fine end-inspiratory crackles. Central cyanosis and clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension are late features. Diagnosis depends on careful exclusion of known causes of interstitial lung disease, followed by demonstration by radiological imaging or biopsy of the pathognomonic lesion of usual interstitial pneumonia. Two antifibrotic compounds, pirfenidone and nintedanib, have been proven to slow functional decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung transplantation is appropriate in selected cases. Supportive therapy is central to the management of advanced disease. Five-year survival is 10–15%.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), also known as cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, is a chronic and progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause that typically manifests after the fifth to sixth decade of life. The fibrosis is limited to the lung, and clinical features include progressive dyspnea and a restrictive pulmonary physiology. IPF is characterized by a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and histopathology. This review discusses the definition, epidemiology, etiology/genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis of IPF. Figures depict the pathogenesis of IPF, a chest x-ray in a patient with IPF, HRCT scans, and histopathologic features of UIP. Tables list HRCT criteria for UIP patterns, the elements required for IPF diagnosis, and the GAP model for IPF prognosis. This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 108 references.

Autoimmunity associated with cardiac, respiratory, and renal disease

Cardiac disease 1: myocarditis and cardiomyopathy Cardiac disease 2: eosinophilic syndromes Cardiac disease 3: recurrent pericarditis and Dressler’s syndrome Cardiac disease 4: rheumatic fever Respiratory disease 1: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis) Respiratory disease 2: pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) Respiratory disease 3: lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis and sarcoidosis...

Respiratory System

Interstitial lung disease is a common case for the respiratory section of the MRCP PACES examination. Quite often they are cases of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis) or in the context of systemic (commonly rheumatological) disease. The above cases reflect these common scenarios. To make the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease is relatively straightforward, but presenting other physical signs of underlying aetiologies, mentioning important negatives, and appreciating and recognizing complications of therapy and the disease will impress examiners, not to mention gain considerable extra marks. 1. In approaching a respiratory patient, it is often useful in starting to present the case with a comment on functional status. They may be breathless at rest. They may be on oxygen therapy. Ask the patient to cough. The presence of a non-productive or a productive cough should give clues to underlying diagnosis. Patients with interstitial lung disease often have a non-productive cough, unless this has been complicated by infection. 2. Patients often have peripheral cyanosis. Central cyanosis may be present in advanced disease. 3. Clubbing may not always be present in cases of interstitial lung disease. If present, don’t miss it! 4. Spend a little extra time when examining hands and making general observations. There are many systemic disorders that are associated with pulmonary fibrosis. The presence of peripheral stigmata of systemic disease, usually connective tissue or rheumatological disease, will provide an important clue to the respiratory diagnosis. Look for • rheumatoid arthritis (symmetrical deforming arthropathy of the hands, rheumatoid nodules) • systemic sclerosis (tight and shiny skin, telangiectasia, sclerodactyly, calcinosis, atrophic nails, and Raynaud’s phenomenon) • SLE (petechial rash, livedo reticularis, purpura, arthropathy, butterfly skin rash) • dermatomyositis (Gottron’s papules, heliotrope rash of eyelids/periorbital areas, proximal myopathy) • ankylosing spondylitis (loss of lumber lordosis, fixed kyphosis, stooped posture) • neurofibromatoisis (neurofibromata, café au lait patches) • sarcoidosis (erythema nodosum, maculopapular skin lesions, lupus pernio, lympahdenopathy) • drugs, i.e. amiodarone (grey slate skin pigmentation—the irregular pulse of atrial fibrillation (AF) may be a clue) • radiation therapy (erythema and/or field markings on chest wall)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

The synonymous terms idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) refer to a relentlessly progressive fibrotic lung disorder that is the underlying diagnosis in over one-half of patients presenting with typical clinical features of the ‘CFA clinical syndrome’ (see Chapter 18.11.1). Incidence is about 10 to 15 per 100 000, men are more often affected than women, and it most commonly presents in the seventh and eighth decades. Aetiology remains uncertain....