Effects of speed and road condition on annoyance caused by motorcycle noise emission

Recently much attention has been drawn to the noise emission of two-wheelers and motorcycles. Considering the high levels of noise pollution and annoyance caused by motorcycles, it is necessary to evaluate the contribution of their noise emission to the overall traffic noise. Furthermore, this emission must be included in traffic noise studies and noise maps. In order to have a clear understanding of the noise characteristics of this vehicle category, extensive studies are required. This paper aims to investigate the effects of speed and road condition on annoyance caused by motorcycle noise emission. For this purpose, noise measurements are carried out for various engine speeds, and road conditions. These stimuli are used later in a perceptual experiment to realize the effect of each parameter on the caused annoyance. Stimuli are reproduced in the laboratory where participants can determine their annoyance toward each stimulus. Finally, based on the outcome of the perceptual experiment and analysis of psychoacoustic parameters, a conclusion is drawn to clarify how annoyance and noise emission alter in response to the changes in speed and road condition.

Alternative Exhaust Emission Factors from Vehicles in On-Road Driving Tests

On-road driving tests are performed to determine the emission of harmful exhaust compounds from vehicles. These primarily include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle number. However, there is a lack of indicators that combine the first three substances that are the most important in assessing the environmental aspects of vehicles. The purpose of this article is to indicate the possibility of assessing emissions in real driving conditions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles of different categories. In order to do so, a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) and an instrument for measuring the particle number were used. The tests were carried out on routes designed to comply with the requirements and regulations laid down in the European Union legislation. On-road emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particle number have been determined. Factors have been determined as the multiplication of these compounds for each vehicle category in three phases of the test: urban, rural, and motorway. A new way of assessing emissions from vehicles using new factors has been proposed.

Comparative evaluation of dynamics and fuel efficiency indicators of the car with robotic stepped transmission under condition of different diameters of engine cylinders

Problem. Repair dimensions method regulates increment of cylinders by the means of mechanical treatment, which leads to increasing of working volume of the engine. This will cause a change of dynamics and fuel-efficiensy indicators of the car with the certain type of transmission. Goal. The goal is to comparatively evaluate dynamism and fuel-efficiency of automotive vehicle category N2 with two options of engines, which have nominal and repair cylinder sizes. The riding cycle of the cars with robotic stepped gearbox was researched, that is without breaking of force stream while switching gears. Methology. Imitative simulation of cars riding cycle, according to standard, was conducted with the help of Matlab Simulink software. Because of the fact that mathematical model of cars movement during mentioned cycle is based on elementary dependencies, for its realization the only basics avialable blocks of the sofware package were used. The flowchart is given in the paper. Results. Simulation of riding cycle of N2 – category automotive vehicle with robotic gearbox was conducted at full engine’s capacity while running-up. Obtained results have shown that engines with repairment sizes have advantage in dynamism indicators, engines with nominal cylinder sizes have advantages in fuel-efficiency. Originality. For obtaining of comparative evaluation of dynamics and fuel-efficiency indicators of the car with robotic gearbox with different engines, the imitation simulation of riding cycle, according to standarts, was used with the help of Matlab Simulink software. Practical value. Application of the repairment sizes method upon the engine’s cylinder liners has shown improvement of dynamics indicators of car with robotic transmission, which will improve its productivity under excessive engines work conditions.

Simple Methodology for the Development and Analysis of Local Driving Cycles Applied in the Study of Cars and Motorcycles in Recife, Brazil

Standard driving cycles are usually used to compare vehicles from distinct regions, and local driving cycles reproduce more realistic conditions in specific regions. In this article, we employed a simple methodology for developing local driving cycles and subsequently performed a kinematic and energy analysis. As an application, we employed the methodology for cars and motorcycles in Recife, Brazil. The speed profile was collected using a smartphone (1 Hz) validated against a high precision global positioning system (10 Hz), presenting a mean absolute error of 3 km/h. The driving cycles were thus developed using the micro-trip method. The kinematic analysis indicated that motorcycles had a higher average speed and acceleration (32.5 km/h, 0.84 m/s2) than cars (22.6 km/h, 0.55 m/s2). As a result of the energy analysis, it was found that inertia is responsible for most of the fuel consumption for both cars (59%) and motorcycles (41%), but for motorcycles the aerodynamic drag is also relevant (36%). With regards to fuel consumption, it was found that the standard driving cycle used in Brazil (FTP-75; 2.47 MJ/km for cars and 0.84 MJ/km for motorcycles) adequately represents the driving profile for cars (2.46 MJ/km), and to a lesser extent motorcycles (0.91 MJ/km) in off-peak conditions. Finally, we evaluated the influence of the vehicle category on energy consumption, obtaining a maximum difference of 38% between a 2.0 L sports utility vehicle and a 1.0 L hatchback.

Inventario de contaminantes tóxicos, criterios y GEI para la categoría taxi/remís en la ciudad de Tandil, Argentina

Conocer el impacto del aire producido por fuentes móviles, sigue siendo un desafío importante. En la mayoría de las ciudades argentinas, se desconoce el estado actual de la calidad del aire. Investigaciones dirigidas a conocer el aporte de contaminantes a partir de fuentes móviles, se han realizado para grandes ciudades, por ejemplo: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Mendoza, o Rosario. La complejidad del trabajo con diferentes flotas vehiculares (diversidad de tecnologías) y la dificultad en el acceso a la información en suficiente cantidad y calidad, son barreras para el avance de este tipo de estudios diagnósticos en ciudades intermedias o chicas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo principal inventariar y diagnosticar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), y otros contaminantes (tóxicos y criterio) correspondientes a la categoría vehicular taxi/remis en la ciudad de Tandil, Buenos aires -Argentina, para el año 2016. Como herramienta metodológica se aplica el Modelo Internacional de Emisiones Vehiculares (IVE). El estudio caracteriza la flota y hace estimaciones de emisiones de los contaminantes que representan un problema para la salud por lo tanto afectan a la calidad del aire y pueden tener consecuencias para el cambio climático. En Tandil los taxis/remís generan al año un total de 9.231,99 Tn de CO2eq, mientras que los contaminantes criterio y tóxicos no representan un riesgo para la salud o el ambiente urbano debido al uso de GNC como principal combustible. El inventario es una herramienta fundamental en la gestión de la calidad del aire, este estudio presenta una línea de base para diagnosticar el estado actual de las emisiones y poder reflexionar sobre la tendencia de las mismas a partir del seguimiento en nuevos estudios. Abstract Know the impact of air produced by mobile sources continues to be a big challenge. In most Argentine cities, the current state of air quality is unknown. Investigations aimed at knowing the contribution of pollutants from mobile sources have been carried out for large cities, for example: City of Buenos Aires, Mendoza, or Rosario. The complexity of the work with different vehicle fleets (diversity of technologies) and the difficulty in accessing information in sufficient quantity and quality are barriers to the advancement of this type of diagnostic studies in intermediate or small cities. The main objective of this study is to inventory and diagnose GHG emissions and other pollutants (toxic and criteria) corresponding to the vehicle category taxi / remis in the city of Tandil, Buenos Aires -Argentina, for the year 2016. As a methodological tool, applies the International Model of Vehicle Emissions (IVE). The study characterizes the fleet and makes estimates of emissions of pollutants that represent a health problem and therefore affect air quality and may have consequences for climate change. In Tandil, taxis / remis generate a total of 9,231.99 Tn of CO2eq per year, while criteria and toxic pollutants do not represent a risk to health or the urban environment due to the use of CNG as the main fuel. The inventory is a fundamental tool in the management of air quality, this study presents a baseline to diagnose the current state of emissions and to be able to reflect on their trend from the follow-up in new studies.

Estimating Lateral Placement and Lane Indiscipline of Urban Mixed Traffic in Developing Country: An ANN Assisted Approach

Information of lateral placement and lane indiscipline are useful in simulation of a mixed traffic stream and identifying the distressed portion of a pavement. In spite of these utilities, inadequate investigation was made to estimate the lateral placement of vehicles under prevailing traffic conditions. In a typical mixed traffic situation, vehicles having different static and dynamic characteristics take any lateral gap across the carriageway left empty by other surrounding vehicles and move in an untidy manner. It leads to variation in lateral placement of vehicles governed by the subject vehicle type. This paper explores the potential factors that influence lateral placement of vehicles and presents an Artificial Neural Network based approach to quantify lateral placement and lane indiscipline in context of undivided urban roads. Further, sensitivity analysis revealed how different traffic parameters like traffic volume, traffic composition and directional split influence lateral placement and lane indiscipline of a vehicle category.

Comparative analysis of exhaust emissions from passenger cars and motorcycles

The subject of this article is a comparative analysis of exhaust emissions for: HC (hydrocarbons), CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (car-bon dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides) from a passenger vehicle and a motorcycle in laboratory conditions on a dynamometer station. The first vehicle category was represented by a compression-ignition engine with a displacement volume of 1.3 dm3 and a power of 66 kW. The exhaust aftertreatment system included a catalytic converter and a particulate filter. The second category was a motorcycle, equipped with an engine with a displacement of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW. The two-wheeled vehicle was equipped with a three-way catalytic converter. Speeds were modeled on the European type approval test – NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). In order to conduct a comparative analysis of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from vehicles of different categories, the obtained results were presented in the form of emissions converted into passenger-kilometers (g/pkm). The research used modern equipment belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group of devices. The analyzes carried out enable the decision mak-ing on which vehicles have a greater environmental impact due to their exhaust emissions, taking into account the distance and the number of passengers carried.

Assessment of Emission Reduction Scenarios with a Focus on the Impact of Vehicle Fleets on Tehran Air Quality: Case Study

In recent years, the city of Tehran has frequently experienced severe air pollution episodes, and the increase in the use of vehicles has exacerbated this critical situation. It is unclear to what extent each vehicle category contributes to the production of pollution during a pollution event. For this purpose, a combination of the weather research and forecasting (WRF) and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) modeling systems was used to simulate the distributions of pollutant concentrations over Tehran in a pollution episode from December 3 to 23, 2017. First, the performance of the modeling system was evaluated with respect to the simulation outputs against observations. Results showed satisfactory performance by the models in predicting meteorological parameters and pollutant concentrations. There were some discrepancies between measured and simulated pollutant levels that might have several causes, including, for example, not considering dust emissions in the system. The second step focused on the assessment of different emission scenarios to quantify the impact of each vehicle fleet in producing pollution during such severe episodes. For this reason, eight different scenarios were considered in which the emissions of each vehicle category were entirely eliminated from the corresponding scenario. The results show that the removal of passenger cars and motorcycles could have the most significant impact on PM2.5 reduction, with a maximum drop of 32% and 30%, respectively. In addition, the NO2 concentrations could be reduced by about 20% and 10% as a result of the removal of passenger cars and motorcycles, respectively. Finally, two traffic schemes with a main focus on the role of motorcycles on the degradation of Tehran’s air quality were also examined for the same episode.