PAST AND PRESENT IN BREEDING AND TECHNOLOGY OF EVALUATING OF NEW BREEDING ACHIEVEMENTS (BREEDS) IN THE DOMESTIC SHEEP BREEDING

The article considers some issues of the methodology of the breeding process in the domestic breed formation and the features of the technology for evaluating new breeding achievements in the past and present.

ACTIVE PART OF POPULATIONS OF TRANSBOUNDARY AND DOMESTIC BREEDS OF DAIRY AND COMBINED CATTLE BREEDING OF UKRAINE

Today in Ukraine, according to the State Register of Breeding Subjects, 13 dairy cattle breeds have been registered in animal husbandry. Conventionally, they can be divided into transboundary ones, such as Ayrshire, Angler, Holstein, Simmental, Brown Swiss and Red Polish, and domestic – Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Lebedyn, Red Steppe, Ukrainian Brown Dairy, Red, Black-and-White and Red-and-White Dairy cattle. The breeding part of the dairy cattle population is 299908 breeding animals, including 129557 cows, which are concentrated in 321 breeding subjects. The share of domestic breeds is at the level of 67.9%. A tendency towards an increase in the number of animals in the population of transboundary breeds by 56724 animals was noted, with a simultaneous reduction in domestic breeds by 221980 animals. The main part of the transboundary breeds is Holstein (83%) and Simmental (11%), and in the domestic breed population, it is Ukrainian Black-and-White (71.5%) and Red-and-White (19.8%) dairy cattle. Local domestic breeds (Lebedyn, Red Steppe, Ukrainian Brown Dairy) occupy 2.8%. The level of milk yield of the studied cows of the breeding part of the population of domestic and transboundary breeds is quite high and is in the range of 7242 ... 4309 kg. During the study period, there is a gradual increase from 2002 to 2019 for the milking, fat content and the amount of milk fat in cows of a population of transboundary and domestic breeds, which is respectively 3382.1 kg 0.16%; 140.7 kg and 3052 kg 0.06%; 118.1 kg. In 2019, the highest milk yield in the population of transboundary breeds was noted among Holstein cows (8679 kg) and Brown Swiss (8789) breeds, and in domestic – Ukrainian Black-and-White (7514 kg) and Red-and-White (7005 kg) dairy breads. The fat content in milk is more than 4% in cows of local breeds of Ukraine. An analysis of the level of milk yield of cows for the studied periods showed a decrease in the number of farms with a yield of 5 thousand kg or less. So, in 2002, the share of farms breeding transboundary breeds was 70%, then in 2019 only 13%, and in domestic from 83% to 16%. The average milk yield of cows of more than 10000 kg was recorded in 17 breeding farms.

Desert Dingo (Canis lupus dingo) genome provides insights into their role in the Australian ecosystem

The dingo is Australia’s iconic top-order predator and arrived on the continent between 5,000-8,000 years ago. To provide an unbiased insight into its evolutionary affiliations and biological interactions, we coupled long-read DNA sequencing with a multiplatform scaffolding approach to produce an ab initio genome assembly of the desert dingo (85X coverage) we call CanLup_DDS. We compared this genome to the Boxer (CanFam3.1) and German Shepherd dog (CanFam_GSD) assemblies and characterized lineage-specific and shared genetic variation ranging from single– to megabase pair–sized variants. We identified 21,483 dingo-specific and 16,595 domestic dog-specific homozygous structural variants mediating genic and putative regulatory changes. Comparisons between the dingo and domestic dog builds detected unique inversions on Chromosome 16, structural variations in genes linked with starch metabolism, and seven differentially methylated genes. To experimentally assess genomic differences 17 dingoes and 15 German Shepherd dogs were fed parallel diets for 14 days. In dingoes, low AMY2B copy number and serum amylase levels are linked with high cholesterol and LDL levels. Gut microbiome analyses revealed enrichment of the family Clostridiaceae, which can utilize complex resistant starch, while scat metabolome studies identified high phenylethyl alcohol concentrations that we posit are linked with territory marking. Our study provides compelling genomic, microbiome, and metabolomic links showing the dingo has distinct physiology from domestic breed dogs with a unique role in the ecosystem.

Comparison of Growth Performance and Meat Quality Traits of Commercial Cross-bred Pig versus Large Black Pig Breeds

BackgroundThe meat quality of different pig breeds is associated with their different muscle tissue physiological processes, which involves a large variety of genes related with muscle fat and energy metabolism. Understanding the differences of biological processes of muscle after slaughter is helpful to reveal the meat quality development of different breeds. Therefore, 8 domestic Large Black pigs (BP), a domestic breed with high fat contents in meat, and 7 Cross-bred commercial pig (CP), which has a high feed efficiency with high lean meat, was used to investigate the differences of their meat quality and genotype.ResultsThe average daily gain (ADG) and hot carcass weight (HCW) of CP were higher than BP, but the back-fat thickness of BP was higher than CP ( P < 0.05). The CP had higher a* but lower h value than BP ( P < 0.05). The metmyoglobin (MMb) percentage of CP was higher ( P < 0.05) than BP. The fat content and oxygen consumption of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle in BP were higher ( P < 0.05) than CP. BP had higher SFA and MUFA content, but CP had higher PUFA content ( P < 0.05). The RNA-seq was applied to compare the genome differences between the two pig breeds. The RNA-seq data highlighted 201 genes differentially expressed between breeds ( P < 0.05), with 75 up-regulated and 126 down-regulated genes in BP compared with CP. The real-time PCR was used to validate the results of RNA-seq for 8 genes, and the genes related with lipid and energy metabolism were highly expressed in BP ( P < 0.05).ConclusionsBased on the results, BP had superior general meat quality to CP, while the growth performance of CP was better, and the genotype differences between these two breeds may cause the meat quality and growth performance variance.

PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF SIMMENTAL BREED COWS, DEPENDING ON THE VOLUME OF MILK YIELD, METHOD OF KEEPING AND STUD-BULLS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN

Проведен анализ продуктивных качеств коров в племенных стадах симментальской породы, изучено продуктивное долголетие в зависимости от удоя за 1-ю лактацию, способа содержания и быков-отцов разной селекции симментальской и голштинской пород (красно-пестрой масти). Исследования проведены в Центральном федеральном округе на 8264 выбывших коровах. Выявлено, что с увеличением удоя снижается продолжительность производственного использования животных. На базе стад с разными способами содержания и удоем 7,0—7,5 тыс. кг молока выяснили, что при отсутствии моциона сокращается продолжительность использования коров на 8% относительно беспривязного и комбинированного (зимой моцион в загонах, а летом — круглосуточно на площадках). Удой первотелок при привязном содержании (7914 кг) был выше в сравнении с беспривязным на 606 кг и комбинированным — на 1143 кг способами содержания. При большем удое по 1-й лактации сохранность коров снижалась. При минимальной продуктивности (4,1—5,0 тыс. кг) она составляла 67—75%, при максимальной (10,1—11,0 тыс. кг) — 10—21%. Суммарный удой коров от быков симментальской породы отечественной селекции относительно сверстниц, полученных от быков зарубежной селекции, был выше на 2,4—7,2 тыс. кг, а период использования продолжительнее на 0,3—1,1 лактации. Дочери быков улучшающей голштинской породы отечественной селекции, в сравнении со сверстницами от отцов зарубежной селекции, имели наибольшее превосходство над первотелками от быков канадской селекции и США по суммарному удою (7,9—11,6 тыс. кг) и продолжительности использования (1,1—1,7 лактации). Наименьшее продуктивное долголетие было у коров при привязном содержании без моциона и с максимальной величиной удоя по 1-й лактации. We have analyzed the productivity qualities of Simmental cows in breed herds, studied productive longevity depending on milk yield per 1st lactation, keeping method and Simmental and Holstein (red-and-white in color) stud-bulls of different breeding. The research was made on the territory of Central Federal District on 8264 retired cows. It was found out that with an increase in milk yield, the duration of the production use of animals’ decreases. On the basis of herds with different methods of keeping and milk yield of 7.0—7.5 thousand kg of milk, it was found that in the lack of exercise, the duration of cows' use is reduced by 8% relative to loose housing and combined methods (in winter exercise is yards, and in the summer within 24 hours in the areas). The milk yield of first-calf cows under the conditions of tying method (7914 kg) was 606 kg higher than while a loose housing and 1143 kg higher than while a combined method. With greater milk yield on the 1st lactation decreased the сow livability. At the minimum productivity (4.1—5.0 thousand kg), it amounted to 67—75%, and at the maximum (10.1—11.0 thousand kg) it was 10—21%. The total milk yield of cows from Simmental bulls of domestic breed relative to cows of the same age from bulls of foreign breed was higher by 2.4—7.2 thousand kg, and the period of use was longer by 0.3—1.1 lactations. The cows from the upgraded Holstein bulls of domestic breed, in comparison with cows of the same age bulls of foreign breed, had the greatest superiority over the first-calf cows from bulls of Canadian and American breeds in total milk yield (7.9—11.6 thousand kg) and duration of use (1.1—1.7 lactation). The least productive longevity had cows kept under the conditions of tying method, without exercise and with a maximum milk yield per 1st lactation.

A história do melhoramento animal

ResumoA história do melhoramento genético animal acompanha a história da Humanidade, começando com a domesticação do primeiro animal, que terá sido o cão, ao qual se seguiram os bovinos, ovinos e todas as outras espécies que deram origem às raças domésticas da atualidade. Inicialmente a seleção de reprodutores era efetuada de forma empírica. No século XVIII R. Bakewell foi pioneiro na utilização de registos produtivos e testes de descendência. No final deste século começaram a ser estabelecidos os livros genealógicos de diversas raças. No século XIX, os avanços científicos protagonizados por C. Darwin e G. Mendel são fundamentais para que, na primeira metade do século XX se desenvolva a maior parte da teoria do melhoramento animal, com o contributo de vários investigadores (R. Fisher, S. Wright, J. Haldane). Jay Lush ficou conhecido como o pai do melhoramento animal moderno. Defendeu que em vez da aparência subjetiva, o melhoramento animal deve-se basear em conhecimentos da genética quantitativa e da estatística. Charles Henderson apresentou o método Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) para a estimativa do valor genético aditivo e sugeriu a integração da genealogia completa da população para incluir as relações genéticas entre os indivíduos. A evolução dos computadores permitiu a implementação generalizada do BLUP no final da década de 1980. Nos últimos tempos T. Meuwissen e M. Goddard desenvolveram a forma de incorporar informação do ADN em grande escala no modelo animal para estimar os valores genómicos. Palavras-chave: genética, melhoramento animal Abstract The history of animal breeding follows the history of humanity, beginning with the domestication of the first animal, which was the dog, followed by the cattle, sheep and all other species that gave rise to the domestic breed of the present time. Initially the selection of breeders was carried out empirically. In the eighteenth century R. Bakewell pioneered the use of records of performance of animals and progeny testing. At the end of this century herdbooks of various breeds began to be established. In the 19th century, the scientific advances made by Darwin and Mendel are fundamental for the, in the first half of the 20th century, development of most animal breeding theory with the contribution of several researchers (R. Fisher, S. Wright, J. Haldane). Jay Lush became known as the father of modern animal breeding. He argued that instead of subjective appearance, animal breeding should be bas

Optimization of biotechnology of production of whole-bowl meat products

The article presents research on the improvement of technology of whole-muscle meat products made from pork obtained from large white breed animals, whose population in the structure of the breeding. This domestic breed of pigs was not chosen by chance, since in recent years many industrial pig farms have focused on breeding animals. It is established that dietary salt in comparison with cooking, increases such indicators as moisture-binding and water-holding abilities, increases the yield of products by 4% and reduces losses during heat treatment by 4.6%. The use of bacterial cultures in the composition of the brine contributes to the improvement of the structural-mechanical properties and quality of salted raw materials. The improved brine formulation helps to maintain high organoleptic characteristics and to obtain a dietary product with a balanced mineral composition.

[Columba livia domestic breed, invasive entity also alien for Italy]

[The Rock Dove (Columba livia) is a polytypic species originally confined to coastal and inland cliffs of western Palaearctic and northern Ethiopian regions and to those of Indian subcontinent. The present distribution is confused by extensions of range through hybridization with feral stock, which have determined its diffusion in geographical areas and environments that are very different and distant from the original ones, with a naturalized distribution now virtually cosmopolitan. Besides a substantial number of domestic breeds reared and maintained in this state, Columba livia is now represented by the original wild populations, generally in decline, and by feral populations, originated from abandoned or escaped domestic individuals. These populations developed above all, but no exclusively, in the cities, starting from the end of the XVIII century, with a further significant increase during the second post-war period, In this work, after having examined and discussed the distribution of the species resulting from the Pleistocene fossil findings and from the historical ornithological literature, we advance the hypothesis that wherever there are free-living populations showing phenotypic, biometric or genetic characteristics different from the wild morphotype, it is legitimate to consider these populations as an alien complex of domestic origin, to be controlled by culling and, when possible, eradicated. On the side-lines of this work, the Authors hope for a reconsideration of Italian names of this species.] [Article in Italian]

FEATURES OF CHROMOSOMAL SET OF SHEEP OF ROMANOV BREED

During long time a great interest was revealed to the Romanov breed by many sheep farmers of the world. To preserve and develop the breed, it is necessary to use modern approaches to assess its inbred breed diversity. One of most perspective for population-genetic researches is cytogenetic that allows to investigate the integrity of the chromosomal set and prevent the spread of unwanted genetic abnormalities in the population. The spontaneous chromosomal to aberration have a selective value in a breed formative process, that are fixed in generations. A level of chromosomal polymorphism is additional description of tribal value of animals, that can be taken into account at the selection of animals of wanted type. An analysis of chromosomal polymorphism of sheep is basis for forming of new knowledge about the dynamics of genetic structure in the populations of animals. The cytogenetics of animals collected considerable knowledge about influence of karyotype on the processes of individual development. With the help of cytogenetic studies, changes in chromosomes that are transmitted to offspring, and correspondingly affect the signs of an animal's organism, are detected. The object of the study was the number of sheep of the Romanov breed (n = 10), which are breeding in the breeding farm "Bach and family" (Kyiv region). The material for chromosomal preparations was the blood of sheep aged 1 to 3 years old that was taken from the jugular vein. The cytogenetic study was carried out at the Genetics Laboratory of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V.Zubeta (Chubinskoye village) using special techniques and related equipment. To obtain the preparations of chromosomes, samples of the culture of leukocytes of peripheral blood of animals were used. For analysis and photographing, those metaphase plates were selected, in which the chromosomes were separate from each other. On one drug (glass), from one to ten metaphase plates were examined, and to analyze the karyotype, 50 and more metaphase plates were analyzed. Obtained experimental data was processed by the method of variation statistics using the computer programs EXCEL. The results of the cytogenetic analysis of the sheep of the Romanov breed showed that they all have a chromosomal set typical of the domestic breed of sheep. The chromosomal set of investigated sheep is represented by 54 chromosomes, of which 26 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). The results of the metaphysical analysis allowed to fix a certain part of stable aberrations. Among 457 metaphase plates 81 aberrant cells (17.7%) were identified, of which aneuploid cells – 6.25%, polyploidy – 0.75%, cells with chromosomal ruptures – 0.25%, chromosomal pair fragments frequency – 0.37%, and the frequency of cells with asynchronous divergence of the centromeric regions of the chromosomes (ARTSRH) was 2.5%. Since the frequency of aberrant cells (n = 240) in a small population is 17.7%, this indicates that the detected violations in the chromosomal set of sheep are not accidental in nature and have an heritable basis. Thus, the results of the cytogenetic study of the sheep of the Romanov breed obtained from us show that their karyotypes have a characteristic chromosome set and structure for this species of animals. At the same time, in the studied animals, there is an individual chromosomal variability, which in turn may be associated with their productive or reproductive qualities. This argument is the basis for continuing our research on the chromosomal polymorphism of sheep of Romanov and other breeds.