People Judge Discrimination Against Women More Harshly Than Discrimination Against Men – Does Statistical Fairness Discrimination Explain Why?

Previous research has shown that people care less about men than about women who are left behind. We show that this finding extends to the domain of labor market discrimination: In identical scenarios, people judge discrimination against women more morally bad than discrimination against men. This result holds in a representative sample of the US population and in a larger but not representative sample of Amazon Mechanical Turk (Mturk) respondents. We test if this gender gap is driven by statistical fairness discrimination, a process in which people use the gender of the victim to draw inferences about other characteristics which matter for their fairness judgments. We test this explanation with a survey experiment in which we explicitly hold information about the victim of discrimination constant. Our results provide only mixed support for the statistical fairness discrimination explanation. In our representative sample, we see no meaningful or significant effect of the information treatments. By contrast, in our Mturk sample, we see that providing additional information partly reduces the effect of the victim’s gender on judgment of the discriminator. While people may engage in statistical fairness discrimination, this process is unlikely to be an exhaustive explanation for why discrimination against women is judged as worse.

Effectieve interventies om arbeids-marktdiscriminatie te verminderen tijdens de werving en selectie: een Delphi-studie

SUMMARY Labor market discrimination limits the opportunities of minoritized groups on the labor market. Despite increasing research into labor market discrimination, a shared picture among researchers and policy makers about effective interventions to mitigate labor market discrimination is lacking. This Delphi study aims to come to a shared picture about the most effective interventions to limit labor market discrimination according to nineteen (scientific) experts in the field of discrimination and inclusion in recruitment and selection. Interventions that were judged predominantly positive related to: 1) objectifying the selection procedure via de-identification of CVs, structured interviewing, and selection based on objective criteria; 2) changing and adhering to the social norm of non-discrimination; 3) increasing awareness of stereotypes and prejudices in combination with offering a perspective for action; and 4) long-term contact with the minoritized group through internships. More information about the candidate and short-term contact by means of, for example, speed dates was judged ineffective. Based on the results of the Delphi study, several recommendations are made to practice to reduce labor market discrimination during the recruitment and selection process.

Has the gender wage gap narrowed or widened in a decade? Some recent evidence from the Turkish labor market

The principal objective of this study is to determine the variation in the gender wage gap in the last decade of the Turkish labor market and reveal possible factors that drive the wage disparities. Therefore, the data set covers the Household Budget Statistics surveys 2009 and 2018. In order to prevent biased results, the empirical strategy contains the two-stage model estimation and selectivity corrected decomposition approach. The findings claim a widening gender wage gap in a decade. The portion of the gender wage gap resulting from the labor market discrimination tends to increase whereas the wage gap based on the gender differences in characteristics decreases. Despite the decrease, if the female employees had the same characteristics as males, their mean wages would be higher. Moreover, the gender wage gap attributable to gender discrimination in the labor market continues to increase.

CITY-LEVEL HUKOU-BASED LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION AND MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CHINA

A previously undocumented association between city-level degree of hukou-based labor market discrimination and migrant’s individual entrepreneurship engagement is examined. Applying the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis on the micro data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) suggests that hukou-based labor market discrimination can on average explain a 6.3% differential in personal income for rural migrants relative to otherwise identical urban migrants. A one standard deviation increase in a city’s average hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with roughly 2.9 percentage point higher of entrepreneurship rate among rural migrants, holding other things equal. Furthermore, city-level hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with much higher propensity for engagement in necessitybased entrepreneurship compared with opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Our empirical work also suggests that the association between city-level hukou discrimination and migrant entrepreneurship is more prominent for people with middle level of education, young people, married people, and renters. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Analysis of Regional Wage Difference in Labor Market Discrimination

Based on geographical isolation, dual labor market and other factors, the development of China’s different regional economy has obvious characteristics of differentiation, which can be embodied in the phenomenon of “different salaries for the same work” and “different workers with the same salary”. In order to further analyze its influence, this paper analyzes the regional discrimination in the free labor market with the help of the multiple regression analysis model of regional wage and remuneration in economics, referring to the factors such as region, occupation, expenditure cost and labor market, and on the basis of studying the influence of labor market discrimination, wage difference and human resources on labor remuneration.

Discrimination in the Paulistano Labor Market

This chapter evaluates the degree of gender, racial, and national discrimination facing Paulistanos using firm-level employment records and complementary education and job evidence. By distinguishing between national groups, standard linear regressions and logit analyses demonstrate three groups faced substantial formal labor market discrimination, albeit to differing degrees and through different mechanisms. Portuguese workers were disproportionately hired into unskilled positions, Afro-Brazilians faced substantial hiring discrimination, and women faced both hiring and wage discrimination. Employers expected Portuguese workers to be unskilled and women to leave the labor market upon marriage, but Afro-Brazilians faced substantial prejudice. Hiring discrimination was consistent across the textile, commercial, railroad, and the urban transportation sectors. Prior to the war, periods of rapid growth and scarce labor supply could lessen racial prejudice and help explain the language of hope drawing Afro-Brazilians to São Paulo, but the postwar period brought a substantial contraction, making Afro-Brazilian women the most consistently excluded. Lifetime consequences of labor market discrimination were substantial, but the period saw minimal organization in opposition. One probable hypothesis explaining why more substantial mobilization did not occur was the class wage discrepancies that paled gendered, racial, and national differences.

Navigating Life and Work in Old Republic São Paulo

This book examines the experiences of São Paulo’s diverse working class as they encountered rapid urbanization and industrialization brought on by the coffee boom during Brazil’s Old Republic (1891–1930). It places the rank-and-file at the center of its analysis to understand how macroeconomic trends connected to daily life and individual and family responses to labor market discrimination, inflation, and fluctuating (im)migration. The study emphasizes the family-centered nature of immigration to São Paulo in comparison to other immigrant cities like Buenos Aires and New York City. It shows how World War I exacerbated existing working-class hierarchies and cut short important standard-of-living advancements. The study demonstrates how despite its intended purpose to funnel agricultural laborers into the coffee interior, the city’s immigrant receiving station also played a decisive role in shaping the city of São Paulo, serving both as a safety net for residents and labor supplier for employers. Methodologically, this book embraces both social and economic history, deconstructing the population along racial, ethnic, national, and gender lines. Combining statistical analysis alongside close readings of immigrant letters provides a nuanced analysis of recently arrived Paulistanos from Italy, Portugal, Germany, Lebanon, and Japan and from northeastern Brazil. The research demonstrates how Portuguese, women, and Afro-Brazilians all faced significant labor market discrimination, impacting individual and family decisions about where to work and live and whether to join labor movements. The approach provides a powerful tool to address archival silences, recover embedded narratives, and understand historic underdevelopment.