FEATURES OF SEMANTICS OF SOME AVARIAN TOPONYMS

The study of the peculiarities of determining the semantics of toponyms is a necessary stage in the development of regional linguistics. The question of the essence of the semantics of propernames, and even more so of such special names as toponyms, is solved ambiguously. Defining the semantics of a toponym, we are based on the semantics of the original word (appellative), taking into account the uniqueness of the toponym, its place in the system of proper names and common nouns, the peculiarities of its use in the speech of individuals and entire collectives at different time slices, the attitude of speakers to the named objects, the peculiarities of the linguistic means used in that understanding, as well as the uniqueness of each toponym separately. The formation of artificial and natural nominations is shown by the example of toponyms and anthroponyms, and the interaction of appellatives/onomas as a result of semantic derivation of geographical names.

Digital Objects of Civil Rights

The paper is devoted to the problem of digitalization of objects of civil rights. In the context of the development of the digital economy, objects are consolidated and reflected in the digital environment. Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation sets forth the concept of digital rights. They are defined as property obligations and other rights, which does not allow them to be considered as independent new types of objects of civil rights. The category of digital rights introduced into the legislation does not cover all new objects that appear in the digital environment, which results in appearance of legal relations, in connection with which it is relevant to introduce the category of digital objects into the list of objects of civil rights as an independent type of objects of civil rights or as application of legal regimes of the named objects to new objects. For example, the categories of big data, big user data again make us think about the legal regime of information. Adhering to the understanding that information itself is not an independent type of objects of civil rights, we can conclude that information posted in the digital environment is capable of objectification as an intangible benefit (for example, personal data is an integral part of privacy, other rights enshrined in the legislation), while the owner of this information can transfer the right to use it to other persons. This right can be considered as a property (exclusive) right. The very provision of information can be objectified within the framework of services for its provision. Big data, if it does not contain personal information, can also be covered by a category of publicly available data that can be collected, analyzed, summarized by persons accessing this data legally (for example, from open sources on the Internet). In addition, the paper elucidates the problems of determining the legal regime of so-called virtual objects in the narrow sense (in-game objects, objects of virtual or augmented reality), artificial intelligence and robots created on the basis of artificial intelligence technology. In general, it is concluded that it is possible to extend to digital objects the legal regime of the named objects of civil rights with due regard to the peculiarities of their consolidation in the digital environment

Academic Naming: Changing Patterns of Noun Use in Research Writing

In this paper we explore the ways academics name processes as things and how these practices have changed over the past fifty years. Focusing on nominalization, noun-noun sequences, and acronyms, we document an increase in these features across a corpus of 2.2 million words within a consistent set of journals from four disciplines. Our results show that nominalizations and acronyms have increased in all four fields, particularly in applied linguistics and sociology, and that while noun-noun sequences have fallen in electrical engineering, they have risen in the other disciplines, especially sociology. We also suggest that noun-noun phrases have increasingly come to name methodological approaches, rather than concepts or objects, and we seek to account for these changes. We observe that these increases in naming are related to the need for succinctness in modern research writing and the advantages of endowing named objects with a real existence which can then be credited with explanatory authority. We question, however, the appropriacy of these practices for interpretation in the social sciences.

Seacraft Names in Military Discourse

The article analyses the process of meaning formation of names of warships in the military discourse with the aim of identifying conceptual mechanisms which underlie the naming of seacraft. The research constitutes part of the study in the field of cognitive linguistics and fills in the gap in the studies of metaphoric potential and cultural specificities of secondary names applied to artifacts (as big as warships) in British and American tradition. The results show that of all 1200 seacraft names, 700 units are originally zoomorphic common nouns transformed into proper names of seacraft with which they “share” and sometimes even exchange some of their basic or latent semantic characteristics. It was revealed that underlying mechanisms of meaning formation in seacraft nicknames are cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphor, focusing and defocusing. To describe them the methods of frame analysis and cognitive metaphoric modelling are employed. Metaphor in the paper is both the object and the tool of research. To support the analysis, the information about specific features of named objects and creatures is elicited from dictionaries and language corpora.

GLUED WOOD LENTICULAR TRUSSES DESIGN FEATURES, TESTING, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION

Lenticular trusses are effective and promising structures that have a number of advantages over trusses of a different shape covering large spans. The main nodes of the trusses are the support ones. At these nodes large shear forces occur. Traditional types of connections did not provide the required reliability of the support nodes. Four variants of support nodes and rigid joints of trusses are proposed. The basis is the connections with glued rods. The test results of the support node fragment of the truss with a span of 30 m in full size are presented. The stress-strain state of the truss support node is analyzed. The strength and effectiveness of the proposed design is proved. For the first time trusses with a span of 24 m were used in 1983 for an industrial building in Volokolamsk. Prefabricated trusses with a span of 48 m are used in the Yantar sports complex in Moscow. During tests, two of them were loaded until complete destruction. The main results are presented. The high rigidity of the trusses and the design assumptions are experimentally confirmed. The algorithm of analysis of rigid joints of the upper and lower belts in the supporting zone of lenticular trusses made of glued wood, designed according to the “TSNIISK” system with glued rods, in accordance with the provisions of SP 64.13330.2011 “Wooden structures”. Two types of nodes are considered. Named objects in Russia, covered with lenticular trusses spans up to 56 m.

An Argument for the Obstinate Rigidity of Proper Names

A recent argument suggests that proper names are persistently rigid designators. Invoking the Kaplanian distinction between a world of the context of utterance and a world of the circumstance of evaluation, the argument maintains that names have to designate something only in the former, but not in the latter, implying thus that the designated objects must exist only in the former world. This paper shows that names designate something in both kinds of world and are thus obstinately rigid. This is achieved in three steps. First, the author argues that the contents of names must be available in possible worlds regardless of whether the named objects exist in them. Second, the author argues that these contents are expressed by English names in both kinds of world. Third, since Millianism suggests that names express contents by way of designating objects, the author argues that they have to designate something in both kinds of world.

Cartographers and geographers as toponym users, creators, and promoters. A linguistic perspective on cartographic and textual dissemination of geographical names

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Cartographers and geographers constitute a special and in some way privileged group of toponym users and toponym creators. The principles of establishing and using geographical names by the mentioned scientists and professionals are determined by various superior scientific, legal, political or administrative regulations that are, generally speaking, not known and not observed by the general public in their general language use. However, the use of geographical names by general public is directly or indirectly influenced by name choices and name creations made by cartographers and geographers.</p><p>Nevertheless, neither cartographers nor geographers are independent “toponymic decision-makers”. Being privileged toponym users and creators, they are still only one “collective” player in a much broader and much more complex constellation of actors and factors such as: local communicative communities, already existing texts and previous maps, linguistic norm of a given language in which toponyms are meant to be used (or in which a map is to be prepared), toponymic codification of various types (official/linguistic/scientific codification), and superior (mainly legal) guidelines of language and toponymic policy of a given country. In other words: in their toponymic choices cartographers and geographers are both the influencing and the influenced ones.</p><p>The privileges which cartographers and geographers enjoy as toponym users and creators result mainly form the fact that the texts they create (and these comprise maps as well) are often automatically perceived by the general public as somehow prestigious, correct or even normative. On the other hand, the way geographers design toponyms as labels for geographical concepts differs from the “natural” and “spontaneous” way most toponyms were created or rather “came into being” in the past. The geographically and cartographically named objects are “defined” on the basis of scientific (e.g. physiographical or geological) criteria, which is obviously not the case with the geographical features “intuitively” perceived by laypeople both now and in the past.</p><p>The aim of the proposed paper is to provide an outline of a general (top)onomastic model of textual-normative dissemination of geographical names and to use this model in description and explanation of the special role cartographers and geographers play in fixing, establishing, propagating, and creating geographical names. Taking a different perspective, one could put the aim of the paper the following way as well: the goal is to describe cartographers and geographers as language users within the very specific and narrow scope of toponym use.</p>

DENOTATIVE-NOMINATIVE TYPOLOGY OF ENGLISH IDEONYMS

The article considers denotative nominative classification of English ideonyms. One thousand English ideonyms selected according to the frequency of use in print and electronic media have provided the material for this research. The topical problems of ideonymics incude establishment of denotative nominative systematization of the relevant proprietary units, which involves their grouping according to the type of the named objects. The denotative nominative classification of ideonyms embraces four divisions: artionyms, i.e. proper names of works of art, which are further divided into imagionyms, sсeneonyms, musiconyms and filmonyms; biblionyms that cover proper names of all written and verbal texts as well as their series and collections; gemeronyms, i.e. proper names of the media, which are divided into pressonyms and electronyms according to the method of transmitting the information and include both radio and television programs of exclusively informational nature rather than those of entertaining or educational character; computeronyms, which absorb all proper names designed to designate different types of computer programs. The poetonymic sphere is understood as a collection of onyms in artistic texts creating a complex and harmonious system existing in any artistic work as a result of their interrelations. This concerns not only literary works but also those in cinematography, computer art, etc., since proper names act in each of them as components of the virtual picture of the world, thus enabling to refer to the existence of not only the poetonymic sphere, but also the virtualonymosphere. Therefore, it can be concluded that ideonyms can be divided into four classes by their correlation with denotate, namely artionyms, biblionyms, gemeronyms and computeronyms, subject to further specification. Separate terms have been created for ideonyms of the first and second specification levels whereas descriptive terminology is applied for further subdivisions. Each of the analyzed divisions has its own specific functioning, both structural and semantic, which makes further intvestigation in this direction relevant.

Abstract WP169: Patients With Aphasia Demonstrate Variability in Regional Functional Recruitment in Correct Naming Task

Approximately 20-40% of stroke survivors suffer from aphasia, the partial or complete loss of language processing. It has been observed that patients with aphasia will typically make the same number of naming errors every time tested, but the objects that are named correctly or incorrectly will vary. These errors are therefore not linked to specific objects, but are instead related to faulty language processing. It remains poorly understood how the language processing can vary between right or wrong to enable correct naming. Here, we use functional imaging to identify processing patterns that lead to successful language production in patients with chronic aphasia. This could provide a potentially meaningful target for future rehabilitation methods. Methods: We analyzed data from 36 individuals with chronic aphasia who completed a picture-naming task while undergoing functional neuroimaging. After mapping the functional data to the AICHA atlas, regional activation signal was analyzed for each response type (correct, semantic paraphasia, or phonemic paraphasia). We performed a ttest looking for significant differences in activation at particular regions of interest for correct naming compared to semantic and phonemic paraphasias for each individual. Results: Individuals recruit variable regions for correctly named objects. There are some regions that stand out as being statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) for correct productions compared to semantic and phonemic paraphasias across several subjects (e.g., insular regions were statistically significant for 8/36 subjects and superior temporal sulcus for 9/36 subjects). Also, there is variability in whether the regions that were statistically different were peri-lesional or in unaffected, healthy tissue. Discussion: There is evidence that individualized functional recruitment utilized by people with chronic aphasia allows for correctly naming objects. This pattern is unique and widely variable across subjects, due in large part to differences in lesion size and location. However, individuals recruit a particular network of peri-lesional and preserved brain tissue that is different for correctly naming objects compared to incorrectly naming objects (with semantic or phonemic paraphasias)