THE IMPLICITNESS PHENOMENON IN LINGUISTIC STUDIES: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN APPROACHES

Статья посвящена изучению научных подходов к феномену имплицитности, представленных в трудах Ч.С. Пирса, Г.П. Грайса и его последователей, в работах Тверской психолингвистической школы под руководством А.А. Залевской. Проведённые исследования доказывают наличие имплицитного выводного компонента в динамической структуре значения единицы языка, активируемого в процессе естественной коммуникации. Имплицитное знание представляет собой интегративную структуру, составную часть внутреннего контекста индивида, репрезентирующую сформированный ранее оптимальный способ идентификации значения познающим субъектом. The article is devoted to the investigation of scientific approaches to the implicitness phenomenon, presented in the works of Ch.S. Peirce, H.P. Grice and his followers, the researches of the Tver School of Psycholinguistics headed by A.A. Zalevskaya. The studies carried out prove the presence of an implicit component in the dynamic structure of a language unit meaning, activated in the process of live communication. Implicit (inferential) knowledge is an integrative structure, an integral part of the internal context of an individual (term by A.A. Zalevskaya), representing the previously formed efficient way of identifying meaning which a person comprehends.

Historical and Linguocultural Analysis of Pathopsychological Terms with -Mania and -Phobia Term Elements

The article is devoted to the analysis of the origin of psychological clinical terminology and the impact on its development of historical, mythological and cultural realities/characters of Ancient Greece and Rome. Concerning that clinical terminology’s development took much time it has obviously made it harder to understand than those terms, that were recently composed. The application and understanding of «phobia» and «mania» in ancient authors’ original texts were analyzed to clarify whether the meaning and usage changed throughout the years. Among those text were works of the physicians Hippocrates and Areteus of Cappadocia, historian Pausanias and even philosophers Plato, Seneca, to see if the attitude to each term of those authors has changed in modern pathopsychic terminology. All the results of this study are summarized and represented in 10 categories, depending on the meaning of their attributive components, the origin of the term is analyzed and the corresponding linguistic and cultural commentary is given to it. Comments are related to mythological reality, which can make meaning of the term not clear to those, who are not aware of that specific myth and the historical and cultural features of Ancient Greece and Rome, which influenced the formation of each individual term. In addition, this article contains rare terms, that have -mania and -phobia component, and a similar first element. However, the language sources (Ancient Greek/ Latin) are different, that certify the development of this group of terms, for Latin is used in clinical terminology more rarely, than Greek.

Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.12

This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.12 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning time limits for exercising the right to avoid the contract. Art 3.2.12 stipulates that notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely. Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.2.7, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party. In relying on a ‘reasonable time’ period rather than setting out a clearly defined period of time (for example, two years after conclusion of the contract), Art 3.2.12 follows the common law model rather than the typical civil law solution. This commentary discusses the commencement and duration of ‘reasonable time’ period as well as the consequences of failure to avoid a contract within time limit.

Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.7

This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning gross disparity. A basic tenet of the PICC is that the parties should be free to enter into a contract and to determine its content. Under Art 3.2.7, however, a party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an excessive advantage. This commentary discusses the background and general purpose of Art 3.2.7, the requirements for gross disparity, the consequences of gross disparity, gross disparity involving third parties, and exclusion of liability for gross disparity.

Point Force Solution for an Infinite Transversely Isotropic Solid

The solution for a point force applied at the interior of an infinite transversely isotropic solid is obtained by introducing three potential functions which govern the displacements. Unlike previous publications where the solutions are expressed in different forms depending on the conditions satisfied by the elastic constants, the present paper provides a systematic approach to obtain a unified solution which is applicable for all stable transversely isotropic materials. The expression obtained does not have the deficiency suffered by previous solutions, namely, each individual term in the present expression does not tend to infinity on the z-axis. Thus accurate numerical evaluation of the Green’s function can be directly performed without the need to resolve the singularity algebraically.