Kajian Teori Breaking Bad Habit Sebagai Solusi Memutus Kebiasaan NegatifSiswa Dalam Pembelajaran

This article was an assessment of breaking badhabits theory offered by E.R. Guthrie by providing reinforcement from an Islamic teaching point of view so that it could be used as a solution to break bad habits of students in a lesson. There are three methods offered by E.R. Guthrie in breaking bad habits: First, the threshold method. This method is in accordance with the four stages of break the habit of drinking khamrfound in Qur'an. Second, the fatigue method. This method is in accordance with the command to be patient in telling family members to pray as stated in Thāhā verse 132. Third, the incompatible response method. This method is in accordance with Islamic views, one of which is found in surah al-Burûj verses 10-11. In addition to the above three methods, in the view of Islam, there areelementsin a lesson that are no less important, namely the environmental elements, that good or bad the character of an individual canbe formed by the surrounding environment, as implied in the hadith of the Prophet Mohamed about the parable of a good friend such as musk oil traders and bad friends such as the blacksmith's fire blower.

Awareness of the Body in Mental Health Care

In mental health care, the body takes an undeserved, modest place. It is precisely the body that you can use you to test the beliefs of patients on functionality. Dysfunctional beliefs lead to dysfunctional emotions and corresponding response representations in the body. This is entirely in line with the therapeutic elaboration of Lang’s emotion theory. That is, linking existing stimulus representations to incompatible response and meaning representations. This practical paper introduces readers to body-oriented counter conditioning techniques and how to apply the principles of counter conditioning in various anxiety and mood disorders. A report is done from a short mindfulness group training for cardiology patients with anxiety and mood complaints.

FROM SOCCER TEAMS TO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS: A NEW APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND AFFECTIVE RIVALRY

Conde et al (2011) reported a modulation of the spatial compatibility effect by the affective valence of soccer team figures. For Favorite team, it was faster to respond by pressing the key located on the stimulus side than the opposite key (ipsi- and contralateral keys, respectively). For Rival team, this pattern was reversed. These findings were interpreted as being due to approach and avoidance reactions which facilitate both the ipsilateral response to a positive stimulus and the contralateral response to a negative one and vice-versa. This hypothesis was challenged by arguing that there is no spatial compatibility effect when a mixed-rule task was used and that approach/avoidance reactions are not elicited when a keyboard was employed to execute the responses. Alternatively, it was proposed that Conde et al. (2011) results were due to task-set effects. Here, manual responses were selected according to the volunteer’s Preference for the candidates to Presidential election in Brazil. The names of the Favorite and Rival candidates were presented left or right to the center of a screen and the responses should be chosen according to two different mapping-rules. In Mapping-rule 1, the instruction was to press the key located on the same side of the Favorite stimulus (compatible response) and to press the opposite key for the Rival (incompatible response). In Mapping-rule 2, the instruction was reversed. The order of the mapping-rules was counterbalanced. It was found that the Mapping-rule 1 responses were faster than Mapping-rule 2 ones. This Mapping-rule (task-set) effect may be due to Approach and Avoidance reactions to Favorite and Rival candidates, respectively. These automatic reactions facilitate the compatible responses for the Favorite and incompatible ones for the Rival (Mapping 1) and delay the incompatible response for the Favorite and the compatible ones for the Rival (Mapping 2). A further analysis of the interaction between Preference and Compatibility showed that there is a compatibility effect for the Favorite but not for the Rival, indicating that a task-set effect due to the mapping-rules is not enough to explain the findings in this experiment. It is proposed an alternative hypothesis based on facilitatory and inhibitory effects of positive and negative affective stimuli.

The Effect of Cingulate Cortex Lesions on Task Switching and Working Memory

Anatomic interconnections between the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices suggest that these areas may have similar functions. Here we report the effect of anterior cingulate removal on task switching, error monitoring, and working memory. Neuroimaging studies have implicated the cingulate cortex in all these processes. Six macaques were taught task switching (TS) and delayed alternation (DA) paradigms. TS required switching between two conditional response tasks with mutually incompatible response selection rules. DA required alternation between two identically covered food-well positions. In the first set of experiments, anterior cingulate lesions did not consistently impair TS or DA performance. One animal performed worst on both TS and DA and in this animal the cingulate sulcus lesion was most complete. In the second set of experiments, we confirmed that larger anterior cingulate lesions, which included the sulcus, consistently impaired TS but only led to a mild and equivocal impairment of DA. The TS error pattern, however, did not suggest an impairment of TS per se. The consequence of a cingulate lesion is, therefore, distinct to that of a prefrontal lesion. TS error distribution analyses provided some support for a cingulate role in monitoring responses for errors and subsequent correction but the pattern of reaction time change in TS was also indicative of a failure to sustain attention to the task and the responses being made.

New Light through Old Windows: The Role of Cognitive Compatibility in Aircraft Dial Design

This paper reports the results of a study investigating the role of cognitive compatibility in the design of aircraft dials. Of particular relevance to this study is the relationship between the visual display and the required response. Using a four-by-four layout of aircraft engine dials, participants were instructed to respond to a single, disparate reading by making an appropriate left-right judgement. Both compatible and incompatible response mappings were tested: instruments grouped by engine (left and right), and instruments grouped by status (primary and secondary), respectively. The results indicated that a layout incompatible with the response significantly increased reaction times and error rate, regardless of graphical cues to encourage perceptual grouping into the correct response mapping. Finally, disparities between dial readings were harder to detect at oblique angles compared to those oriented to the horizontal axis. These results are interpreted in the light of current theories regarding cognitive compatibility and the oblique effect, and design guidelines for dials are discussed.

The Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Responses in the Reduction of Self-Injurious Behaviour: A Pilot Study

The latency of the self-injurious behaviour of a severely handicapped, Down's-syndrome boy, aged 9 years, was increased by a factor greater than three. Vibration was presented as the reinforcer in a discrete-trial, DRI-schedule procedure in which the incompatible response was physically prompted. A single-subject, ABAB design was used. It is suggested that the DRI schedule used in this way is a valuable initial procedure for decreasing self-injurious behaviour to a level where other procedures may then be applied.