Extinctive Prescription, a Means of Extinguishing the Substantive Right of Action and the Forfeiture of the Right to Invoke it

This article falls both within the provisions of the Civil Code relating to extinctive prescription, its notion and object, the effects of prescription, and, inseparably, within the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure because this institution entails the forfeiture of the right to bring a civil action, which produces serious legal effects for the holder of the right of action because, once invoked and applied, it leads to the loss of the civil subjective right itself. The purpose of the article is to present the general legal rule governing this institution and to highlight the procedural aspects that practitioners must take into account in the activity of legal representation.

Injuries during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Scoping Review of the Claims and Civil Action Judgements

Background. To define what type of injuries are more frequently related to medicolegal claims and civil action judgments. Methods. We performed a scoping review on 14 studies and 2406 patients, analyzing medicolegal claims related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy injuries. We have focalized on three phases associated with claims: phase of care, location of injuries, type of injuries. Results. The most common phase of care associated with litigation was the improper intraoperative surgical performance (47.6% ± 28.3%), related to a “poor” visualization, and the improper post-operative management (29.3% ± 31.6%). The highest rate of defense verdicts was reported for the improper post-operative management of the injury (69.3% ± 23%). A lower rate was reported in the incorrect presurgical assessment (39.7% ± 24.4%) and in the improper intraoperative surgical performance (21.39% ± 21.09%). A defense verdict was more common in cystic duct injuries (100%), lower in hepatic bile duct (42.9%) and common bile duct (10%) injuries. Conclusions. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the most common cause of claims, associated with lower rate of defense verdict, was the improper intraoperative surgical performance. The decision to take legal action was determined often for poor communication after the original incident.

RESTITUTION AND CIVIL ACTION IN CRIMINAL CASES IN CASE OF DEATH OF THE VICTIM

Введение: в статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с обеспечением имущественных прав скончавшегося потерпевшего; изучается тема перехода процессуальных прав потерпевшего и гражданского истца. Приведен анализ отдельных судебных решений, связанных с возвращением предметов, непосредственно утраченных в результате преступления, а также разрешением гражданского иска в случае смерти потерпевшего. Материалы и методы: в ходе написания статьи использовались эмпирический и теоретический методы исследования, включающие отбор фактов, сравнение, абстрагирование, научно-аналитический подход. Результаты исследования: при решении вопроса о применении реституции в уголовном судопроиз- водстве в случае смерти потерпевшего в обязательном порядке должны учитываться положения граждан- ского законодательства, регулирующего переход права собственности. Переход прав гражданского истца к другим лицам в уголовном судопроизводстве возможен. Однако не во всех ситуациях это право может перейти к правопреемникам. Обсуждение и заключения: автор статьи приходит к выводу, что принятие реституции правопреемником потерпевшего и переход прав гражданского истца к правопреемнику в уголовном судопроизводстве допустимы только при наличии оснований, предусмотренных гражданским законодательством, для пере- хода имущественных прав от правопредшественника к правопреемнику. Органам предварительного рас- следования и судам необходимо учитывать требования гражданского законодательства при применении положений о реституции и гражданском иске в рамках уголовного судопроизводства.

14. Breach of statutory duty

This chapter considers the tort of breach of statutory duty. Unlike the statutory duties contained in the Occupiers’ Liability Acts 1957 and 1984 or the Consumer Protection Act 1987 where liability arises directly according to the provisions of the statute itself, in a civil action in the tort of breach of statutory duty, liability arises indirectly where a statute imposes a duty but does not identify a civil remedy in the event of its breach. The tort is a combination of statute and the tort of negligence; the duty is defined by statute, while the action lies in the common law. It should be noted that while much of the case law arises in the employment context, the tort of breach of statutory duty extends beyond this.

APUNCAC: An International Convention to Fight Corruption, Money Laundering, and Terrorist Financing

This article explains how corruption, money laundering, and terrorist financing could be addressed through an Anticorruption Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (APUNCAC). APUNCAC seeks to establish United Nations inspectors, dedicated anticorruption courts, and aggressive measures to fight corruption, including requirements to obtain and report accurate beneficial owner information when funds are transmitted internationally. This information is needed to deter money laundering. APUNCAC would allow private litigants to commence a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) civil action and recover three times the amount of their damages. These provisions create financial incentives for private litigants to fight corruption through civil actions. The provisions leverage private interests and align these interests in the fight against corruption. APUNCAC also includes treaty provisions designed to ensure that APUNCAC is implemented as intended. This article addresses the issue of complementarity. APUNCAC is designed to complement, rather than replace, existing domestic institutions.

Citizen-led Assessments: A Model for Evidence-based Advocacy and Action to Improve Learning

Designed as household-based assessments, citizen-led assessments (CLAs) are implemented by local organizations who assess children in their homes, thus reaching the most marginalized children, families, and communities, often in remote areas. CLAs add an essential piece of information for truly monitoring progress and help realistically represent the learning levels of all children – at national, regional, and global levels. By using simple tools and easy-to-understand reports, CLAs engage parents and community members in discussions about learning and help foster understanding of the importance of ensuring quality education through civil action. In this publication, members from organizations conducting CLAs in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh provide an overview of the CLA model and illustrate a range of ways in which the model has been implemented in the four South Asian countries to monitor and improve learning. In all four countries, the initiative is known as the Annual Status of Education Report, or ASER – a word that means ‘impact’ in three of these four countries. By design, ASER assesses foundational reading and numeracy skills.

Security for a civil claim in criminal proceedings

Currently, the criminal policy aims not only to convict the guilty party but also to guide them in the right direction to restore the rights of the victim. It also concerns the pre-investigation bodies and judges to take action to ensure the reparation of damage caused by the crime. The history of the development of civil action in criminal proceedings confirms its importance and the necessity to ensure its further development in the criminal procedure framework. However, to ensure the effective implementation of theoretical aspects of resolving a civil claim into the criminal proceedings practices, it is important to amend and complement the current legislation. According to the obtained results, the authors conclude that the victim, a civil party, or their representatives can gather evidence to confirm their claim through obtaining objects, documents, and other information; interviewing people with their consent; submitting a motion to the investigator on receiving certificates, references, and other documents from public authorities, local authorities, public associations, and other organizations.