Distribution of Insect Species as An Indicator for Determining Durian Tree age in Pulo Seunong Plantations, Tangse-Pidie

Insects are the dominant animal group on earth with nearly 80 % species of the total animals on the surface. Insects are often found on plantation land such as durian plantations. Durian plants are visited by insects for various purposes such as helping pollination and collecting finding food. This research was focus on the distribution of insect species as an indicator to determine the age of the Durian Tree in the Pulo Senang Plantation, Tangse-Pidie. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of indicator insect species based on the age of Durian Tree. This research was conducted in several Durian tree plantations in Pulo Seunong, Pidie from November to October 2017. The method used in this research surveys with random purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that the distribution of insects species found in this study was distributed in 3 parts of durian, namely the root, the stem, and the leaf. The most dominant insect found in the range 0-5 years old, 6-10 years old, and more than 11 years old durian tree were. the species was found on that range age is Solenopsis invicta species (39%), Dolichoderus thoracicus (33%), Coponatus sp (29%).

INVENTARISASI JENIS DEKAPODA DI PERAIRAN PANTAI KELURAHAN TONGKAINA, KOTA MANADO

Decapod is one of the subphylum of Arthropod which is the most dominant animal group in the waters. Various types of decapoda commonly known such as crabs, shrimp, and crabs. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the type of decapod in coastal waters of Tongkaina Village, Manado City, determining the abundance of decapods in these waters and measuring data on water quality (temperature, salinity, pH) at several observation stations. The results of the study obtained the type of decapod in the coastal waters of Tongkaina Village, Manado City. A total of 15 species were distributed in 9 different families namely Ocypodidae, Grapsidae, Portunidae, Sesarmidae, Pilumnidae, Xanthidae, Calappidae, Majidae, and Penaeidae. Of the types of crabs and shrimp found in each type of living habitat. the highest numbers were 97 individual indicated Uca lacteal, then followed by Thalamita crenata with 32 individuals, and the lowest was Penaeus kerathuruswith 2 individuals Keywords: Tongkaina, Decapoda, identification, abundance Inventory Decapoda in The Marine Waters of Tongkaina Village, Manado CityDekapoda merupakan salah satu subfilum dari Arthropoda yang merupakan kelompok hewan paling dominan di perairan. Berbagai jenis decapoda yang umum dikenal seperti kepiting, udang, dan rajungan.. Penelitian ini berujuan menentukan jenis dekapoda di perairan pantai Kelurahan Tongkaian, Kota Manado, menentukan kelimpahan dekapoda yang ada di perairan tersebut dan mengukur data tentang kualitas air (suhu, salinitas, pH) pada beberapa stasiun pengamatan. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan jenis dekapoda di perairan pantai Kelurahan Tongkaina, Kota Manado. Sebanyak 15 spesies yang terdistribusi pada 9 famili berbeda yaitu Ocypodidae, Grapsidae, Portunidae, Sesarmidae, Pilumnidae, Xanthidae, Calappidae, Majidae, dan Penaeidae. Dari jenis kepiting dan udang yang ditemukan pada masing-masing tipe habitat hidup. spesies tertinggi yaitu 97 ditunjukkan Uca lacteal, kemudian diikuti oleh Thalamita crenata dengan 32 individu, dan spesies yang paling terendah yaitu Penaeus kerathurus dengan 2 jumlah individu.Kata kunci : Tongkaina, Dekapoda, identifikasi, kelimpahan

Comparative Vantage Points of Extraterritorial Animal Law

Chapter 9 provides legislators with a full description of the comparative advantages of applying animal law across the border. It first clarifies the scope of extraterritorial jurisdiction by examining what kinds of administrative, criminal, and civil animal laws can be used extraterritorially. Using a functional comparative approach, the author describes the benefits of extraterritorial applying animal law extraterritorially, including constitutionally enshrined state objectives, rights and prohibitions, and duties of compassion. Criminal animal law (including advanced rules on corporate liability) and administrative animal law (including advanced standards on keeping, transporting, and slaughter) can also create significant advantages for animals when used to protect them across borders. The author describes these in detail and concludes that there are good reasons to believe that only a few of the existing animal laws can operate as exemplary models. For animal law to yield substantial benefits in extraterritorial application, it first must emancipate itself from the dominant animal use paradigm.

Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins Prepared From Ovine Heparins With Enoxaparin

Heparin and its low-molecular-weight heparin derivatives are widely used clinical anticoagulants. These drugs are critical for the practice of medicine in applications, including kidney dialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, and in the management of venous thromboembolism. Currently, these drugs are derived from livestock, primarily porcine intestine and less frequently bovine intestine and bovine lung. The worldwide dependence on the pig as a single dominant animal species has made the supply chain for this critical drug quite fragile, leading to the search for other sources of these drugs, including the expanded use of bovine tissues. A number of laboratories are now also examining the similarities between heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins prepared from porcine and ovine tissues. This study was designed to compare low-molecular-weight heparin prepared from ovine heparin through chemical β-elimination, a process currently used to prepare the low-molecular-weight heparin, enoxaparin. Using top-down, bottom-up, and compositional analyses as well as bioassays, low-molecular-weight heparin derived from ovine intestine was shown to closely resemble enoxaparin. Moreover, the compositions of daughter low-molecular-weight heparins prepared from three unfractionated ovine parent heparins were compared. Ovine enoxaparins had similar molecular weight and in vitro anticoagulant activities as Lovenox. Some disaccharide compositional, oligosaccharide composition at the reducing and nonreducing ends and intact chain compositional differences could be observed between porcine enoxaparin and ovine low-molecular-weight heparin. The similarity of these ovine and porcine heparin products suggests that their preclinical evaluation and ultimately clinical assessment is warranted.

Tetraclita (Cirripedia, Thoracica) tests as an important habitat for intertidal isopods and other marine and semi-terrestrial fauna on tropical rocky shores

The barnaclesTetraclita singaporensisandT. squamosahave a thick test to protect the animals against the diverse environmental stress of the tropical intertidal zone and also against predation by muricid gastropods. After the death of the barnacle, however, the empty test is often taken over by other marine fauna as well as semi-terrestrial animals. The sphaeromatid isopodDynamenella ptychurawas the most abundant inhabitant in empty tests observed in Singapore and Malaysia. Ovigerous crustaceans were common. Gastropod specimens comprised almost entirely juveniles of common intertidal species, including those of the littorinidsLittoraria articulataandL. strigata. Gastropod eggs and veligers, insect larvae, pupae and nymphs, and spider spiderlings and immatures were also present. The haminoeid gastropodSmaragdinellawas the dominant animal colonizing barnacles in a succession experiment. Temperature was significantly lower inside the empty test than outside, by 0.2°C. Almost 40% of the barnacle tests remained attached to the substratum for more than four months after the death of the individuals.