Curcumin Effectivity on Hepar and Reproductive Organ Recovery Male Mice (Mus musculus L) after Methoxychlor Exposure

Methoxychlor (MXC) is an insecticide (DDT derivates) that has the potential for bioaccumulation in mammal and causes a disruptive effect on the hepar and reproductive system. This study was done to find out the benefits of curcumin as a natural ingredient to overcome the negative impact of Methoxychlor (MXC) on hepar and male reproductive organ of Balb’C mice (Mus musculus L). The study was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Posttest Only Control Group Design used four treatments and six replications. The curcumin treatment after administration of MXC was carried out by gavage with curcumin doses: 0.05; 0,1; and 0.2 mg/g body weight, every day for two weeks, respectively. Histological observations of the liver, and testis was performed using the paraffin method and Hematoxylin Eosin stained. The results showed that MXC exposure caused liver disruption by increasing the number of pycnotic necrotic hepatocytes and hydrophic degeneration hepatocytes. On the male reproductive organ, MXC caused testis impairment by reducing the number of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, spermatogenic cell counts, and the diameter of seminiferous tubules. The administration of curcumin at doses of 0.1 mg/g bw in mice exposed to methoxychlor can reduce the number of hydrophic degeneration hepatocytes and tend to reduce the number of pycnotic hepatocytes; and also increase the number of Sertoli cells, the number of spermatogenic cells, and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, and tend to reduce the amount of Leydig cells. Curcumin treatment tends to recover hepar dan testis disruption of mice that were exposed by MXC.

A new species of buffalo leech in the genus Hirudinaria Whitman, 1886 (Arhynchobdellida, Hirudinidae) from Thailand

Hirudinaria manillensis (Lesson, 1842), commonly known as the buffalo leech, shows a polymorphism of two ventral colorations. The green color morph has a plain green ventral surface and the red color morph has a brick-red ventral surface with two black submarginal stripes. Based on molecular and morphological evidence in the present study, these two color morphs were revealed as two different species. The red color morph fits well with the description of H. manillensis, while the green color morph showed some distinctions, and therefore is described herein as Hirudinaria thailandica Jeratthitikul & Panha, sp. nov. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the dark greenish or dark olive ventral surface and a round atrium with ventral insertion of ejaculatory ducts in the male reproductive organ. A phylogenetic tree based on concatenated data of COI and 28S genes supported the new species and further indicated it as a sister species to H. bpling Phillips, 2012.

The Male Reproductive Structure and Spermatogenesis of Trypophloeus Klimeschi Eggers (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Background Trypophloeus Klimeschi Eggers (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the most destructive pests of Populus alba var. pyramidalis (Bunge), resulting in significant losses in economic, ecological and social benefits in China’s northwest shelter forest. But research of reproductive system, spermiogenesis and spermatozoon ultrastructure of T. klimeschi that is basis of phylogeny, reproductive biology and controlling is still black. Results The male reproductive organ of T. klimeschi is composed of testis, seminal vesicle, strand shaped accessory gland containing long branch of strand shaped accessory gland and short branch of strand shaped accessory gland, curly accessory gland, vas deferens and a common ejaculatory duct. The number of sperm per cyst is 350~512. Its spermatozoon is slender, measuring about 75 μm in length and 0.5 μm in wide and composed of a 3-layred acrosomal complex, a nucleus with two different states of aggregation, two mitochondrial derivatives with dark crystal, a 9+9+2 axoneme that run more or less parallel to mitochondrial derivatives, two crystalline accessory bodies with a big compact “puff”-like expansion. Especially in the seminal vesicle, its long flagella folded into several turns and the whole sperm is wrapped in a film.Conclusion The general morphology of male reproductive tract, the spermatogenesis and the spermatozoa of T. klimeschi are, for the most part, similar to the majority of the Curculionidae. However, some distinct differences were found: the low electron-dense band in the cytoplasm of spermatocytes; two different aggregation states of spermatozoon nucleus; especially the stored way of T. klimeschi spermatozoa.

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Organ of Water Monitor Lizard, Varanus salvator bivittatus (Reptil: Varanidae)

One of the majority species of Varanidae is Varanus salvator or which commonly known as water monitor lizards (water monitor) or Asian water monitor lizard. This species is the most widely spread out of the all varanids. In Indonesia, V. salvator are distributed in almost all islands, from Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku and Flores. Subspecies V. s. bivittatus was found only in Java, Bali and South East Islands [1]. The information on reproductive biological aspects of the V. s. bivittatus, especially the male reproductive organs is limited. Therefore, the study was aim to explore the male reproductive organs system of V. s. bivittatus that focused on macroscopic evaluation. Two adult male lizards with 45.60 cm SVL from Bogor area were used in this study. The lizard were anesthetized and exanguinated to sacrifice and fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde through perfusion then followed by visceral observation and morphometric carefully measurement. All the observation finding and collected data were analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of tables and figures. Morphometric data were tabulated in the form of the average (mean) ± standard deviation (SD). Male reproductive organs of the V. s. bivittatus were generally similar to other reptiles such as snakes and lizards, with characteristics a pair of hemipenes. Epididymis was not formed of head, body and radix segment. The deferent duct is a small, straight and short duct which connected the epididymis to cloaca.

Studi Literatur Perbedaan Ekspresi Messenger Ribonucleid Acid (mRNA) Reseptor Androgen Setelah Pemberian Testosteron antara Penis dan Kelenjar Prostat Tikus Wistar Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus) Pascakastrasi

Background: Aging process (andropause) in men will cause a decrease in testosterone hormones, in other that decrese of androgen receptor (testosteron and dhyhidrtestosterone) in target organ, can be seen from AR mRNA expression. Andropause finaly impact of male reproductive organ, so given testosterone hormone therapy is important to restore the condition. Giving testosterone hormone causes increase the expression of AR mRNA in the prostate gland and penis, but in these two organs there is a different increase.Objective: to know the difference of expression AR mRNA after administration of testosterone between prostate gland and penis.Method: This article used literature review from database of intisari sains medis.Results and Discussion: AR mRNA expression in the prostate gland is smaller than the penile tissue, due to the prostate gland in addition to the 5α reductase enzyme there are also many aromatase enzymes. In the normal prostate gland the amount of 5α reductase is small, so the addition of testosterone is converted to DHT but also in aromatization to estrogen. Therefore, fewer androgen receptors are found compared to the tissue of the penis, in addition expression of AR mRNA in the preputial penis is higher than the prostate gland.Conclusion: Penile tissue is more responsive to testosterone and improves the function and maintenance of tissue especially in old. Keywords: androgen receptor mRNA; testosterone; penis and prostate

Anatomi Organ Reproduksi Jantan Biawak Air Asia, Varanus salvator (Reptil: Varanidae)

Indonesia merupakan negara dengan tingkat eksploitasi biawak V. salvator terbesar di dunia yang sebagian besar untuk melayani permintaan perdagangan kulit. Tingginya permintaan kulit biawak di Indonesia mengkhawatirkan menyebabkan turunnya populasi satwa tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari anatomi organ reproduksi jantan biawak air asia (Varanus salvator) (Reptil: Varanidae). Dua ekor biawak jantan dewasa digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hewan dianestesi, dilakukan exanguinasi, dan difiksasi dengan larutan paraformaldehida 4% secara perfusi. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap situs viscerum, morfologi, dan morfometri organ reproduksi mulai testis sampai hemipenis. Secara makroskopis, organ reproduksi jantan V. salvator terdiri atas testis, ductus epididymidis, ductus deferens dan hemipenis yang masing-masing berjumlah sepasang. Posisi testis menggantung di dinding dorsal coelom melalui mesorchium. Dari bagian dorsal testis terdapat ductus epididymidis yang panjangsampai di ujung kaudal ginjal. Ductus deferens, berupa saluran kecil, lurus dan berakhir di ujung hemipenis yang terletak di dalam pangkal ekor. Pada bagian kranial hemipenis ditutupi oleh papillae berbentuk konikal. Di kaudal dari hemipenis ditemukan otot retraktor yang memanjang ke arah ekor, dan diduga berperan menarik hemipenis ke dalam setelah kopulasi. Organ reproduksi jantan biawak secara umum mirip dengan reptilia lain khususnya ular dan kadal, dengan karakteristik adanya sepasang hemipenis.Kata kunci: Varanidae, Varanus salvator, organ reproduksi jantan, hemipenis, otot retraktor. (Anatomy of The Male Reproductive Organ of Water Monitor, Varanus salvator (Reptil: Varanidae))Indonesia is a country with high levels of exploitation of Varanus salvator that mainly serve the demand of leather trade. The high demand of lizard leather in Indonesian was alarming, cause a decline population of these animals. To improve our understanding on reproduction organs of the animal, we conduct this anatomical study. The study was used two adult male lizards. The animals were anesthetized, exanguinated and fixated in 4% paraformaldehyde by tissue perfusion method. Observations were performed to the visceral site, morphological and morphometrical of the male reproductive organs, from testes to hemipenes. Macroscopically, male reproductive organs of V. salvator were a pair of testes, epididymidis ducts, deferens ducts and hemipenes. The testis attached to dorsal wall of the coelom and fixed by the mesorchium. The epididymidis duct was long tubes that located in the dorsal of testes, winding up at the caudal end of the kidney. The deferens duct was a small duct, running straight and last at the end of each hemipenis, located at the base of the tail. The cranial part of each hemipenis was covered by conical shaped papillae. Furthermore, at the caudal of each hemipenis was found the retractor muscle that extends toward the tail, and is thought to contribute to the retracting hemipenis after copulation. The male reproductive organs of V. salvator are generally similar to the other reptiles, especially snakes and lizards, with peculiar a pair of hemipenes.Keywords: Varanidae, Varanus salvator, male reproductive organs, hemipenes, retractor muscles.