Analysis of borehole water accessibility in Samaru Community, Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Purpose: This study is aimed at analyzing the water accessibility in Samaru Community, Zaria Metropolis, in Nigeria with a borehole as the center for attraction. Research methodology: Questionnaires, interview, and observation methods were applied in data collection and systematic sampling was adopted in selecting the respondents. The questionnaires were administered from January 2021 to August 2021. Results: The results revealed that the hand pump borehole was the major source of water supply in the study area with 71%. The consumption of water per capita of the majority of respondents, 61%, was less than 30 liters against WHO standards. Then, 59% of respondents cover a distance of between 1-2 km to get access to their water supply. Findings further revealed that cooking use of borehole water was 38% against drinking that is 24%. Additionally, some water-borne diseases like typhoid fever and cholera were reported in some cases. Limitation: The issue at hand virtually affects the whole of the metropolis but eight researchers could not cover all sections because of the limitation of time. Contribution: Research on the provision of clean water and sanitation cannot be overemphasized as they are objective six of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) because of their importance in life.

The Portable Fuel Transfer Pump Control System of Android Based for The Fuel Filling Effectiveness of Penerbad’s Helicopter

– The task of Army Aviation Operations is carried out in remote areas where airport services are still minimal, the process related to refueling for pilot helicopters is an obstacle in carrying out the pilot's main tasks. So, we need tools to make the process more effective. This research uses a method that will obtain quantitative data for research to prove the hypothesis. The method is known as the Development Life Cycle Waterfall Diagram and experimental research. Currently still using a hand pump, therefore it is necessary to have a tool that is portable and uses an electric pump. specifically for fuel which is controlled by Arduino and the android application as input for a filling command and can store charging data. In this case the tool system uses supporting components, namely batteries, Bluetooth hc 05, 5v relays and flow sensors. With the research on portable pump tools, the process can be more efficient than hand pumps. When refueling the helicopter, it is enough to enter the charging value from the android application, the charging is already running, and the charging data is stored in the android file.

Assessment of quality parameters of underground drinking water from Diplo Area of Sindh

The present study aims to determine the quality parameters of drinking water of rural Tharparkar i.e., Diplo area. The quality parameters examined in water samples were pH, TDS, and EC. A total of 20 samples were collected randomly from different sources of drinking water (dug well and hand pump water) from Diplo Sub District of Tharparkar. Results showed that water samples of hand pump source have elevated quality parameters (i.e., pH range was 5.7-6.0 and TDS range was 1579-2120mg/L) as compared to well water samples (i.e., pH range was 5.09-6.60 and TDS range was 497-1182mg/L). Therefore, it is concluded that as per guidelines of WHO and EPA, water from well sources is somehow good to ensure well-being of human population residing in the area. While water from the hand pump source is loaded with high TDS and EC (greater than WHO limit). The aforementioned parameter is highly linked with EC as well as pH. It is directly proportional to the conductivity and inversely proportional to the pH. Further, studies need to be conducted in this measure to evaluate quality of drinking water in rural areas of Sindh province.

A report groundwater arsenic contamination assay in the delta area of West Bengal

Groundwater contaminated with arsenic adds an extra percentage of arsenic load at the time of the different irrigated processes. In an arsenic-contaminated locality, an experimental drinking water contamination study was done on tap water, pump water used for irrigation, hand pump water used for cooking, and drinking in the delta area in West Bengal, Nadia, 24-Parganas (north and south) Hooghly, Bardhaman, suspicious villages and in Kolkata, in Bengal delta.

Assessment of Fluoride Content in Ground Water and its Impact on Wheat and Vegetables of Dausa District, Rajasthan, India

In the present investigation samples of ground water ( open well, hand pump), wheat and vegetables (spinach, potato and tomato) were collected from different areas of Dausa district of Rajasthan and analyzed to access the adverse effect on human health due to fluoride accumulation. The fluoride concentration varies between 5.1-14.9 mg/l in the collected water samples, where as in wheat samples it was found in the range of 3.42-14.25mg/l and in vegetables from 1.19-22.45mg/l. The fluoride accumulation was found to be much higher in leafy vegetable (spinach) than that of in other vegetables, where seeds or tubers are the main edible part (potato and tomato). Cereal crop ( wheat ) also estimated with more fluoride content then potato and tomato. The maximum concentration of fluoride in water, wheat and vegetables was 14.9mg/l (Bairwa Mohalla/Dausa ), 14.25 µg/g (Seengpura/Dausa) and 22.45 µg/g (Kalyanpura/ Dausa) respectively. It was observed that large number of people from Bairwa Mohalla/Dausa were suffering from Skeletal and Dental fluorosis.

EVALUATION OF ORANGE OIL APPLIED BY THREE BACKPACK SPRAYERS AGAINST AEDES AEGYPTI AND CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS

A solvent orange oil has been used to mix with permethrin and PBO as a commercial adulticide product called Aqualure® 20-20 for control of adult mosquitoes. The orange oil at 2.7% and 3.5% sprayed by three backpack sprayers, Hudson battery operated sprayer modified with a Solo nozzle, hand pump sprayer Solo-425, and Birchmeire battery operated sprayer, against caged adult female Aedes aegypti Linn. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say resulted in 89%–100% mortality of Ae. aegypti and 100% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus. The three different backpack sprayers did not show any significant differences in the percent mortality. Our test results demonstrate that orange oil alone at a high dose (3.5 %) showed effective insecticidal characteristics against both species of adult mosquitoes.

ASSESSMENT OF INEQUALITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER FACILITIES IN LAPAI, NIGERIA

Rapid urban growth and expansion pose daunting challenges in urban areas of the developing world. These challenges include the provision and equitable distribution of sustainable public water supply facilities. This study therefore aimed at assessing the extent of spatial inequality in the distribution of water facilities provision among major segments in Lapai urban centre, Nigeria to aid policy formulation and framework in achieving sustainable water supply. This study utilizes the Gini coefficient composite statistical tool to examine the distribution inequality of three main sources of public water facilities in the study area, which includes; hand pump boreholes, motorised boreholes, and wells. The study area is divided into four quadrants (quadrants A, B, C, and D). It was found out that 17.31%, 21.15%, and 37.50% Gini coefficients were recorded for hand pump boreholes, motorised boreholes, and well facilities. This indicates that there is inequality in the distribution of public water supply facilities among the four quadrants in the study area. It was therefore recommended that both the public and private sectors should provide public water facilities equitably to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).