Determinação da Concentração de Clorofila-a por Sensoriamento Remoto no Reservatório de Chapéu d’Úvas (Mg), Brasil

Na atualidade, um grande impacto nos reservatórios de água doce é a eutrofização, que afeta diretamente o tratamento e uso da água para abastecimento público, navegação, fauna e flora aquática e impacto visual. A clorofila-a é um dos indicadores de estado trófico da água e pode ser determinada utilizando sensoriamento remoto. Desta forma, este estudo objetivou determinar a concentração de clorofila-a na barragem de Chapéu d’Uvas em Juiz de Fora (Brasil), um dos principais mananciais de abastecimento público da cidade. Através de um modelo utilizando imagens do satélite Sentinel-2 foi avaliado o comportamento espaço-temporal da concentração do componente, foi correlacionado com dados de pluviosidade, temperatura, evaporação e uso e ocupação do solo em torno da barragem. Também foi aplicado um modelo para determinar o índice de estado trófico, que apresenta o grau de trofia que o corpo hídrico se encontra, classificando Chapéu d’Uvas como estado mesotrófico. Os resultados se mostraram satisfatórios para a espacialização e análise temporal da concentração de clorofila-a, a correlação com os dados de evaporação nos permitiu observar uma compatibilidade direta com a concentração do componente e verificou-se valores de clorofila-a acima da média do reservatório nas regiões de entradas de água pelos riachos e próximos as margens com menos cobertura de vegetação.Determination of Chlorophyll-a Concentration from Remote Sensing in Chapéu d’Úvas Reservoir (State of Minas Gerais, Brazil) A B S T R A C TCurrently, one of the great impacts on the freshwater reservoirs is eutrophication, which directly affects the treatment and use of water for public water supply, navigation, aquatic fauna and flora and visual impact. Chlorophyll-a is one of the water trophic state indicators and it can be determined using remote sensing. Thus, this study aimed to determine chlorophyll-a concentration in Chapéu d’Uvas dam, in Juiz de Fora (Brazil), one of the main water sources of public water supply for the city. From a model that uses Sentinel-2 satellite images, the spatial-temporal behavior of that component concentration was evaluated and correlated with data regarding rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil use and occupation around the dam. A model was also applied to determine trophic state index, which presents the body of water trophic state, classifying Chapéu d’Uvas as mesotrophic state. The results were satisfactory regarding spatialization and temporal analysis of chlorophyll-a concentration. The correlation with evaporation data permitted us to observe a direct correspondence with the component concentration. Chlorophyll-a values higher than the reservoir average were found in creek inlets and near the shore with lower vegetal cover.Keywords: eutrophication, Sentinel-2, quality of water, inland waters, trophic state

Association of clinical, social and environmental variables with dental caries prevalence in adolescents from a Brazilian municipality supplied with fluoridated water

Background Although a trend towards dental caries reduction has been observed, further investigations on its pattern and development are still needed. Objective To investigate the influence of clinical, social and environmental variables on dental caries prevalence in adolescents from a Brazilian municipality supplied with fluoridated water in 2018. Method This study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 277 adolescents aged 12 years of public schools in Nova Friburgo, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Clinical examinations were carried out by calibrated examiners to assess caries, periodontal disease, and fluorosis according to criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to record socio-environmental information. Results Individuals living in regions supplied with fluoridated water below the minimum required levels (OR=3.60, p=0.0006), with low income (OR=1.90, p=0.0444), presence of gingivitis (OR=3.36; p=0.0016), and whose reason for visiting the dentist was dental treatment (OR=2.41; p=0.0203) were more likely to have dental caries. A significant reduction (p<0.0001) in dental caries indexes was observed between 2012 and 2018. Conclusion Fluoridation of public water supply at unsuitable levels, as well as other social and clinical variables can influence the caries pattern in adolescents.

Promoter Analysis of Public Water Supply Facilities in Southwest Nigeria

Sustainable water supply system is a necessity in growing communities. This study identified Governments, NGO’s (Donor and Joint Partnership), and Private Sector (Communities) as the three major promoters of public water supply facilities in a developing country like Nigeria. Secondary data retrieved from the National Water Supply and Sanitation database in the six States of South-West Nigeria was used for the study. The Kruskal-Wallis Test was adopted for the data analysis and description which showed an indication of performance mean rank of promoters. The results indicated that the promoters with highest percentages of operational facilities in the six States are: Communities (ranging between 89% and 100%); and NGO’s which comprises of both Joint Partnership between two or more promoters and Donor (ranging between 75% and 100%, and 56%) respectively. The federal government has the highest percentage of non-operational facilities in five of the six States ranging between 46% and 73%. In the other remaining State (Osun), LGA (Local Government Authority) had the highest percentage of non-operational facilities of 34.1%. There were more operational facilities in 50% of the States compared to the non-operational. The non-operational facilities are grounded due to broken down machines, poor construction or lack of maintenance and supervision.

The legality of the “share” in the billing of the public water supply and sewage service

The public water supply and sewerage service includes the totality of activities of public utility and general economic and social interest carried out for the purpose of the collection, treatment, transportation, storage and distribution of drinking water on the territory of the administrative-territorial unit, as well as for the purpose of the collection and purification of wastewater. This service is regulated, in particular, by the Law on public water supply and sewerage service No. 303/2013. The object of the law represents the creation of the legal framework for the establishment, organization, operation, regulation and monitoring of the public drinking water supply and sewerage service in the conditions of accessibility, availability, reliability, continuity, competitiveness, transparency, respecting quality, safety and environmental protection. Everything that exceeds these activities is not subject to the regulation of the Law No. 303/2013. And the application of the “share” is an illegal activity that is punishable in accordance with the legislation in force.

Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida de Rios Urbanos (PARU) como ferramenta de monitoramento ambiental

The development of protocols for an efficient monitoring of rivers quality is extremely important for urban planning. This paper shows up the Rapid Urban River Assessment Protocol (RUAP) and the results of its application in the Palmital River, located in an area of public water supply in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (RMC), in the State of Paraná - Brazil. Four points were analyzed in the lower third of the river and it was figured out with low quality status of the river and with environmental degradation. RUAP was proved to be a simple and accessible tool for monitoring river environments and that can be used by environmental agencies, as well as in formal and informal education of the population, supporting the popular participation in decision-making involving urban plannings.

ASSESSMENT OF INEQUALITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER FACILITIES IN LAPAI, NIGERIA

Rapid urban growth and expansion pose daunting challenges in urban areas of the developing world. These challenges include the provision and equitable distribution of sustainable public water supply facilities. This study therefore aimed at assessing the extent of spatial inequality in the distribution of water facilities provision among major segments in Lapai urban centre, Nigeria to aid policy formulation and framework in achieving sustainable water supply. This study utilizes the Gini coefficient composite statistical tool to examine the distribution inequality of three main sources of public water facilities in the study area, which includes; hand pump boreholes, motorised boreholes, and wells. The study area is divided into four quadrants (quadrants A, B, C, and D). It was found out that 17.31%, 21.15%, and 37.50% Gini coefficients were recorded for hand pump boreholes, motorised boreholes, and well facilities. This indicates that there is inequality in the distribution of public water supply facilities among the four quadrants in the study area. It was therefore recommended that both the public and private sectors should provide public water facilities equitably to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The Possibility of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) for Normal Functioning of the Public Water-Supply of Zagreb, Croatia

With its quantities of groundwater, the Zagreb aquifer is an irreplaceable water-supply resource that forms the basis of the water-supply of Zagreb, the capital and largest city of the Republic of Croatia. The depth of the Zagreb aquifer system is about 100 m at the deepest part, and the two main aquifers of the aquifer system can be separated vertically by low-permeable clay deposits. In the area of the Zagreb aquifer, there are several active and reserve public water-supply sites, the largest of which are Mala Mlaka and Petruševec. The groundwater level of the Zagreb aquifer is directly related to the water levels of the Sava River, so any erosive change in the Sava riverbed decreases the groundwater levels in the aquifer. In the last 50 years, the groundwater levels in the Zagreb aquifer have decreased significantly, being most pronounced in the area of the Mala Mlaka water-supply site. This has affected the normal functioning of the public water-supply because the suction baskets of the pumps in the dug wells at the Mala Mlaka water-supply site occasionally remain partially or completely in the unsaturated aquifer zone during low groundwater levels, which reduces capacity or prevents pumping from these water-supply facilities. Immediately next to the Mala Mlaka water-supply site is the Sava-Odra Canal, which was built to protect Zagreb from flooding and into which the Sava River flows when its flow rate exceeds 2350 m3/s. This reduces the flow rate of the Sava River near Zagreb and the possibility of flooding urban areas. To prevent problems with groundwater levels at the Mala Mlaka water-supply facilities and to enable normal water-supply, even in extremely dry periods, several variants of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) are proposed here. In order to determine the optimal solution for MAR and to enable the normal functioning of one of the main sites of water-supply in the Zagreb water-supply system. Groundwater flow for the period of 2006 to 2010 was simulated for six different variants of MAR. One assumes a constant potential in the Sava-Odra Canal, three are related to recharge from the Sava-Odra Canal with different backwater levels in the infiltration facility (elevations of 114, 114.5, and 115 m a.s.l.), and two with three absorption wells upstream of the Mala Mlaka water pumping station (injection of 300 L/s each and 500 L/s each). The most favorable method to recharge artificially the Zagreb aquifer near the Mala Mlaka pumping station is achieved with an infiltration facility using an elevation of 115 m a.s.l. The use of such a facility will enable the smooth operation of the water pumping station and the possibility of increasing the pumping quantities at the Mala Mlaka water pumping station for the future development of the area.

On the development of Technical Regulations on the safety of water distribution and sewer networks of public water supply and wastewater disposal systems

Рассмотрены вопросы надежности трубопроводов сетей водоснабжения и водоотведения городов и поселений России. Приведены соображения (в порядке дискуссии) о необходимости разработки и принятия Технического регламента о безопасности сетей водоснабжения и водоотведения централизованных систем водоснабжения и водоотведения. Технический регламент установит требования к сетям водоснабжения и водоотведения, обязательные для применения и исполнения на территории РФ. Отмечено, что в водной отрасли России в настоящее время отсутствует единая система, выработанная на основе практики применения обязательных требований к трубной продукции, используемой в сетях водоснабжения и водоотведения, и обязательной сертификации (декларирования). Предлагается область применения такого Технического регламента – сети централизованных систем холодного водоснабжения и водоотведения (канализации) на всех этапах их жизненного цикла, а также материалы и изделия, трубы, арматура, колодцы и связанные с ними процессы проектирования, строительства, эксплуатации, технического обслуживания, текущего и капитального ремонта, консервации и ликвидации сетей водоснабжения и водоотведения (канализации). The issues of reliability of pipelines of water and sewer networks of Russian cities and settlements are considered. Considerations (by way of discussion) on the need for the development and adoption of Technical Regulations on the safety of water and sewer networks of public water supply and wastewater disposal systems are presented. The Technical Regulations will establish the requirements to water and sewer networks that will be mandatory for use and compliance on the territory of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the water industry in Russia is currently lacking a uniform system developed on the basis of the practice of applying mandatory requirements to pipe products used in water and sewer networks and their mandatory certification. The scope of application of such Technical Regulations is proposed, i. e. networks of public systems of cold water supply and wastewater disposal (sewerage) at all stages of their life cycle, as well as materials and articles, pipes, fittings, manholes and related processes of design, construction, operation, maintenance, current repairs and overhaul works, conservation and abandonment of water supply and sewer networks.