Squatter Housing

Squatting is one of the most important forms of housing for the world’s poor, accommodating perhaps a billion people, with the numbers continuing to grow. Squatters occupy vacant land or buildings without the consent of the owner. Squatting in existing buildings is more common in the Global North, particularly in Europe, and tends to be more political, often explicitly anticapitalist, than squatting on vacant land, which accounts for the vast majority of squatters, particularly in the Global South. Urban squatter housing needs to be seen as valuable housing rather than just as a social problem. Housing generally has exchange value, a price on housing markets, as well as use value, the utility of it for those who live in it. Early research dealt primarily with use value because of the emphasis on self-building and collectively organized invasions of land. Demand for scarce stocks of affordable housing leads to market prices despite governmental denial of the possibility of ownership of illegal dwellings. Squatter housing often meets the needs of poor people more effectively than public housing, and policy initiatives around the world are attempting to enhance the utility of informally built and regulated housing while mitigating the environmental problems that they can cause. Formalizing informal housing is a key but controversial policy. Research has revealed that informal tenure security is considered adequate by residents, resulting in lower than expected demand for squatter titling. Formalization may also lead to gentrification and thus diminishes the abilities of informal housing to provide affordable accommodation.

Penerapan Fleksibilitas Sebagai Strategi Desain Perancangan Kampung Kota Vertikal Kenteng Semanggi, Surakarta

<p><em>Dwelling is not only about a solid building, but also the activity system. Squatter Dwelling or kampong has varies identity and one can be described from their spaces usage colerated with their activity. It can be seen with substantial changes in the house users, their daily needs, economical reason, and their cultural environment. The research takes a case study in Kampung Kenteng, Kelurahan Semanggi, Kecamatan Pasar Kliwon, Surakarta. This research aims to signify flexibility values as design strategy by discover the use of compact housing as a multifunctional and adaptable space which can acomodate the needs of daily and economical living in limited space of Kampung with the creative use of flexibility. This paper present a comperhensive review of eleven points of flexibility which are permeability, versatility, legibility, expandibility, convertibility, adaptable, transformable, moveable, time cycle and time management, continuity and stability, and implemented over time. Furthermore, the theory will be implemented in the design of Vertical Kampung Kota Kenteng Semanggi to reveal how flexibility takes an important role in the arrangement of spaces usage in squatter housing with the possibility to expand and respond to changes.</em></p>

A Different Experience in the Build-Sell Process: Casae Study Ankara

During the post-World War II period, Turkey's housing supply models were limited to individual housings. Three main trends in the construction industry helped overcome this limitation to a certain extent. These were cooperative societies, spontaneous squatter housing and the build-sell process. Build-sell process later became the most obvious reflection of urban transformation in the 1950s and 1960s. Within this context, this study examines the housing policy of the period and the build-sell process as well as the Rer-1 Apartment Block designed in line with the build-sell process. The Rer-1 Apartment Block was designed and implemented by architect Nejat Ersin between the years 1962-1964, and was constructed in Aşağı Ayrancı District in Ankara. This specific apartment block was examined as an extraordinary example of the build-sell process - which rejects architectural concerns and prioritises profits - as it still incorporated such concerns despite being designed adhering to logic of the build-sell process. For the purpose of this study, an oral history study was conducted with Nejat Ersin. It was, therefore, possible to evaluate Nejat Ersin's apartment block, presenting a new experience in the build-sell context, within the scope of era's social, cultural, political and economic conjecture. The Rer-1 Apartment Block was scrutinized from the build-sell process aspect within the scope of the architect's professional approach.

SLUM, SQUATTER, AND QUASI-SQUATTER HOUSING DEPRAVITY IN YOGYAKARTA

This studyaims at deepen our understanding of the slum-squatter housing issue in relation to thedifferences in household socio-economic factors. The theoretical basis of the study comes from literatureon self-help housing,consolidation, and marginality especially by J. Turner and colleagues. Threehousehold factors are key to the processes of taudification and consolidation in this city namely, income,dependency burden, and land tenureship.This studyattempts to synthesise a facility allocation model i.e. a Client-Oriented model; and to establish thetheoretical background of the concept of Self-Help housing advocated by Turner and friends. The study findsout that self-help housing as proposed by these researchers lacks a theoretical and philosophical setting. Inthis context, the study advances the Self-Care Ethic philosophy and a Covering Law theory as the departureof self-help and housing consolidation policies in urban settlements. With this in mind, the Client-Orientedmodel is instrumental because its purpose is to determine the degree of housing and facility in a settlement.

Squatter Housing as a Model for Affordable Housing in Developing Countries

An affordability challenge for the governments is the trade-off between cost and quality. The housing gap is a reality for developing countries, and most frequently the gap is met by producing large numbers of low-cost housing units for the maximum number of people. Declining affordability is known to adversely affect both owner occupiers and tenants. The needy, due to an uninterested private sector, usually has either to depend on low quality housing mislocated in the city, without supporting infra- and social structures, or on squatter dwelling. The second option, despite being informal is responsive to the spatial and cultural needs of the users who ideally partake in the construction. The article queries and explores the ways in which the process and cultural preferences of the users of squatter houses, as builder-owner-occupants, are harmoniously intermingled in squatter housing; and draw housing policy implications through institutionalising some of their potentials. Considering squatters are at the lowest stratum areas and that their housing constitutes significant portion of the urban stock, government's pareto optimal which claims maximum good for the maximum number of people at minimum cost is seemingly justified with the quite restricted budget of governments of developing countries.

Post-Earthquake Housing Recovery in Bachhau, India: The Homeowner, the Renter, and the Squatter

This paper looks at post-earthquake housing recovery in Bachhau, a town close to the epicenter of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake in western India. This research examines the difference in housing recovery outcomes among homeowners, squatters, and renters in Bachhau, in order to understand why single-family homeowners and squatters were able to rebuild and improve their housing conditions whereas low-income renters continued to struggle toward housing recovery. This paper shows that communities in Bachhau did not have the resources or capacities to rebuild themselves and that appropriate public assistance was critical for housing recovery. While public assistance was mainly targeted to meet the needs of homeowners, local government officials in Bachhau pursued a squatter housing recovery program crafted to meet the needs of low-income squatters. In contrast, public policy failed to understand the needs of renter households, resulting in their marginalization from the housing recovery process in Bachhau.

Users' Evaluations of House FaÇades: Preference, Complexity and Impressivenes

This research solicits the opinions of the residents of the Keçiören district of Ankara, Turkey, in order to learn their preferences about their local postmodern environment where the municipality forces all contractors and architects to adhere to strict planning laws requiring Turkish folk and Islamic architectural references. The Municipality of Keçiören, as an agent of civil power, manages the architectural and urban transformation of the area from a district formerly composed of squatter housing to one comprised of, in the words of Robert Venturi, “decorated sheds,” in an effort to create a different looking environment rich in nostalgia and excitement. In this research, a total of 7 different sets of apartment façades were analyzed, with each set comprising three examples each of minimum complexity (representing the former condition of the district), intermediate complexity (representing “high” architecture designed by an architect, which does not exist in the district) and maximum complexity (representing the present postmodern condition of the district). The main hypothesis of the study was that preference rates would be high for intermediately altered “high style” houses by showing the existence of a U-shaped relationship between preference and complexity. That is, façades representing an intermediate level of complexity would be favored over less complex and more complex façades. It was also assumed that there would be a difference in the ratings of different age groups. A questionnaire was carried out with 50 adults (aged 30-45) and 50 high school students (aged 18-20) of Keçiören, who were asked to rate a total of 21 photographs from 7 apartment complexes with the help of a five-point semantic differential scales under three headings: preference, complexity and impressiveness. The results proved the existence of a U-shaped relationship between preference and complexity. On the other hand, younger respondents, compared to older respondents, gave more favorable ratings to the physical qualities of the photographed buildings.