Public security in classical ancient greek political and legal thought (teachings of socrates, plato, aristotle)

The aim of the article is to carry out the theoretical and legal analysis of key features of general philosophical and special legal understanding and interpretation of human, social and state security problems in the history of political and legal scholars of ancient times, in particular on the basis of scientific research of ancient Greek authors, opinions of that period, against the background of widespread collective ideas about security as a state of social relations, the condition of human (social) life and/or a kind of social value, objects (spheres) of this security, as well as subjects and regulatory mechanisms to ensure the appropriate state of society and the state. It is shown, that the ancient Greek political and legal thought demonstrates a wide panorama of original views on the formation, development, functioning and guarantee of public and personal, internal and external, military and international, political and economic security in the context of political and legal concepts that reflect complex dialectics. and the interaction of the individual, society, law and the state. It has been found, that the ancient Greek political and legal thought raises questions about the essence of public security. The matter of public security is an essential function of the state, which is realized by it both in the external sphere (military and foreign political security) and within the country (internal or domestic political security). Developed at the theoretical and philosophical level, the idea of good governance (Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Polybius) is the idea of guaranteeing its security: bad governance - the key to the decline and collapse of the state, the death of its citizens. The philosophical concepts of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are the most fundamental for the further development of political and legal models of public security

How Does Japan Perceives China as an Adversary?

A China-Japan grim relationship has been marked by conflicts, and other political security tensions for a long time. One of which is the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands dispute occurring since 2012, it will become an issue for both countries that is difficult to be ironed out. The dispute has occurred since the Japanese government nationalized the islets, which China also claimed. It led to both countries' expansion of military power and a clash in East Asia. This essay aims to analyze how Japan perceives China by focusing on the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands dispute. This article argues Japan perceives China as a threat due to China’s military penetration over Diaoyu/Senkaku islands leading to a strategic distrust of Japan and its uncertain behavior as an international relations actor led to a moral distrust of Japan. This phenomenon will likely raise the tension in the region and enhance the escalation possibility due to the security dilemma effect.

Analysis of 3Vs of Big Data from Fake News and Nigerians’ Consciousness towards National Unity in Times of Uncertainties

Fake news seems to be the monster of the century affecting continents of the world. From Africa to Asia, America to the Himalayas, the impact of fake news on national unity and regional cohesion remains debatable among scholars and experts. Like other countries on the African continent, Nigeria has tasted and is still having share of the consequences of fake news, especially politically-driven ones, which has been researched by scholars in the media and emerging technologies spaces. This study joins the conversation within the journalism and fake news discourse using big data that emerged from selected political, security, health and religious fake news reported by selected Nigerian newspapers. Adopting Computational and Quantitative Content Analyses with the specific use of Data Logging Approach for data collection, the study investigates the extent to which the Nigerian public consume and spread the select news at the expense of promoting national unity and regional cohesion expected of citizens, as established in the Nigerian constitution and existing rules guiding public communication in the country. The emerging results point towards the need for the establishment of Media Literacy Commission to complement the efforts of ministries saddled with the responsibility of re-orientating journalists, media establishments and citizens on national consciousness and unity. The outcomes of the study also indicate the need for overhauling of the National Orientation Agency (NOA) towards balanced and connected promotion of national values and norms.

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: A STUDY IN FORMS AND EFFEETS

Terrorism is known as one of the most dangerous phenomena that has the negatively influence the reality of ‎human societies. Despite human history has never been free from acts of terrorism in all its forms, modern ‎terrorism has exceeded in its magnitude, image and impact all that has been found since human existence. In ‎addition, this phenomenon becomes a matter of concern to human beings wherever it may be exist. ‎Nevertheless, politicians, sociologists, lawmakers and philosophers, as well as various intellectuals and writers ‎alike, accept without hesitation the recognition of the difficulties of identifying and placing terrorism within a ‎comprehensive background that is acceptable to all. The disagreement and the lack of understanding that ‎accompanied and kept pace with all the attempts that were made and are taking place discuss the term of ‎terrorism. The problem of the terrorism under study revolves primarily around a phenomenon that is now ‎plaguing the entire world. This paper discusses a diagnosis of incurable disease called international terrorism to ‎reveal some of the uncertainties and uncertainties in this phenomenon. The importance of the topic is about ‎highlighting the important and effective role played by the international community and the Islamic societies ‎in the fight against terrorism. Furthermore, this paper aims to clarify the concept of international terrorism and ‎and identify the most important forms and dangers resulting from it, which has been increasing rapidly in ‎recent times and the consequent threat to the integrated human security system, whether moral security, ‎economic security, social security, or Political security or environmental security‎.‎

COVID-19: Marking the Gaps in Migrant and Refugee Health in Some Massive Migration Areas

The health of migrants and refugees, which has long been a cause for concern, has come under greatly increased pressure in the last decade. Against a background where the world has witnessed the largest numbers of migrants in history, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has stretched the capacities of countries and of aid, health and relief organizations, from global to local levels, to meet the human rights and pressing needs of migrants and refugees for access to health care and to public health measures needed to protect them from the pandemic. The overview in this article of the situation in examples of middle-income countries that have hosted mass migration in recent years has drawn on information from summaries presented in an M8 Alliance Expert Meeting, from peer-reviewed literature and from reports from international agencies concerned with the status and health of migrants and refugees. The multi-factor approach developed here draws on perspectives from structural factors (including rights, governance, policies and practices), health determinants (including economic, environmental, social and political, as well as migration itself as a determinant) and the human security framework (defined as “freedom from want and fear and freedom to live in dignity” and incorporating the interactive dimensions of health, food, environmental, economic, personal, community and political security). These integrate as a multi-component ‘ecological perspective’ to examine the legal status, health rights and access to health care and other services of migrants and refugees, to mark gap areas and to consider the implications for improving health security both for them and for the communities in countries in which they reside or through which they transit.

Uncovering motives and rivalry of China-Australia amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Pacific region

The rivalry between China and Australia in the Pacific region shows high tension. This rivalry has increasingly intense in the form of providing assistance to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, where both countries have various motives of interest by providing the assistance. This article aims to describe the economic and political motives of China and Australia in order to provide assistance in handling COVID-19 to countries in the Pacific region. This article used a descriptive method by collecting several sources from books, journals, official documents, and scientific articles on the internet. It finds that China and Australia have economic and political-security motives from the assistance provided to countries in the Pacific region. The large natural resources in the Pacific region and its transformation into a world maritime trade route become the economic motives. The political motives for China are the principle of “One China” and a “Good Image/Perception” for China, while the political motive for Australia is strengthening Australia’s solidarity in the Pacific region. This article concludes that China’s presence in the Pacific region, which includes assistance in combatting COVID-19 and other concerns, puts China a threat to Australia, making the rivalry between the two countries is no longer inevitable.

Randomness and Political Complexity in the Contemporary Arab Novel

This essay examines the concept of randomness in three novels by contemporary Arab novelists, employing chaos theory and complexity theory. The three novels are Lebanese Rabie Gaber's dystopian novel Beirutus: Underground City ( Beirutus: Madīna Taḥt al-Arḍ, 2005), Egyptian Ezzedine Choukri Fishere's realistic novel Exit ( Bāb al-Khurūj, 2012), and Algerian Yasmina Khadra's detective novel What are Monkeys Waiting for? ( Qu'attendent les singes, 2014). Although they belong to different genres, all three are speculative novels and present different forms of political-security complexity and chaos in the contemporary Arab world. They represent unpredictable, random events that both resonate with and anticipate forthcoming events and political changes in the Arab world. Exit, for instance, represents the unexpected downfall of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and the return of the military rule after the 2011 revolution, and Beirutus the unexpected rubbish and environmental crisis in 2016 in Lebanon, while What are Monkeys Waiting for? anticipates the contemporary political turmoil in Algeria. Randomness and unpredictability in the three novels are used as a means of political projection and prediction, and as narrative strategies of literary activism against repressive realities and authoritarianism. By representing the unpredictable, Gaber, Fishere and Khadra implicitly incite resistance by warning of appalling forthcoming realities.

The Ruling Elite in Russia: Continuity or Change?

The third Vladimir’s Putin presidential term (2012-2018) was a significant period for the Russian Federation political security. Social protests, the annexation of Crimea, conflicts in eastern Ukraine and Syria, as well as economic sanctions and the deepening Russian isolationism - these are just some of the problems that Russian authorities had to face to ensure political stability. The aim of this article was to examine the changes and conflicts that occurred within President Putin’s inner circle between 2012 and 2018. The research was conducted according to content analysis method. It revealed that in 2012-2018 the attempts to weaken the decision-making power elite as a whole failed.

Effectiveness of Arms Control: The Case of Saudi Arabia

Using a four-level dashboard, this chapter offers a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the effectiveness of an arms embargo against Saudi Arabia. The chapter elaborates on the question as to how political, security and economic motives have impacted the (un)willingness of major arms selling states to join the arms embargo against Saudi Arabia.