Permeation Characterization of the Sequence of Intersecting Ink and Seal Lines Using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope

Objectives: Paper documents are playing an increasingly important role in people's daily work with the development of economy, society and culture. In the practice of judicial appraisal, the sequence of the intersections of ink and seal on suspicious documents can often provide critical information for the detection of criminal cases. The examination of sequence of intersecting seal and ink lines is to judge the sequence of seal and ink mark formation by certain technical means.Methods: A representative black signature pen, ink, and specific paper are selected to prepare experimental samples. Under the given experimental conditions, the field emission scanning electron microscope is used to perform micro-morphology on the cross-sectional characteristics of the samples and all the characterization results obtained are systematically analyzed to summarize the specificity of the sample. Results: The results showed that the proposed method can efficiently discriminate the Permeation Characterization of the sequence of intersecting seal and ink lines.Conclusions: This research is expected to be applied to forensic investigation for counterfeiting documents and bring new developments in the field of document inspection.

A Kratt as an Administrative Body: Algorithmic Decisions and Principles of Administrative Law

Estonia, as the number-one-ranked country in Europe for the digital public services dimension of the Digital Economy and Society Index, aims at widespread adoption of artificial-intelligence systems to assist or even replace officials in public administration. It is expected that there will be 50 artificial-intelligence applications operating in Estonian public administration by the end of 2020. The machine learning capacity that is often intrinsic in artificial intelligence systems means, in practice, that even the data analyst or programmer who wrote the respective code is later no longer able to explain the parameters behind the decisions. If the state allows a so-called black box to make administrative decisions, further constitutional issues will arise in addition to that of judicial control of such a decision. An administrative decision presumes the implementation of legislation. Owing to the vagueness of the law, a judicial appraisal does not merely involve formal-logic operations, as laws and regulations require interpretation and the consideration of the facts. This is particularly important in making discretionary decisions. Interpretation and consideration must not be limited to the predictions made on the basis of earlier, similar cases by means of statistical methods. It is not rare that a decision on applying a standard needs to be made also in a situation that the legislator has been unable to foresee and for which there is no requisite pattern emerging in the training data fed to an algorithm. The article examines the related principles arising from the Constitution, and one of the conclusions drawn from these is that for factually or legally complex decisions, the weight of the decision must be borne by humans, at least until much more powerful artificial intelligence is developed. However, with the help of learning algorithms individual components and elements of such decisions can be taken. Full automation remains an option in cases of routine administrative decisions that are advantageous for the person(s) concerned and that lack negative side effects for them, as well in cases where all relevant factual circumstances are comprehensible to an algorithm as such and transparent.

A JUDICIAL APPRAISAL ON THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD STANDARD WITH REGARD TO CUSTODY AND ACCESS DECISIONS ON DIVORCE: A CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL IMPRINT

This paper does not cover all aspects of court decisions about the interests of the child. It is confined to only the best interest of the child with regard to custody decisions on divorce in Botswana jurisdictions with an imprint of South African law dynamics. Everyone that is involved in the operation of an understanding of the child’s situation will benefit from what is going to be discussed in this paper. This study, however, actuates much more research into the questions of the best interests of the child. The research purports the acquisition of knowledge necessary to map out the best interests of the child standard. It does so by stressing the obsolete nature and dysfunctional practice of relics of Roman-Dutch and English common law. The study paves a new direction for determination purposes of the best interests of the child in line with constitutional imperatives or values. The research drawn the theoretical modalities from other jurisdictions, but in its practical application it resort to the Botswana judicature. Case laws of Botswana in which a constitutional imprint could be detected are, for example, Ndlovu v Macheme and Mokoti v Okatswa to name but a few. The stage is set firmly now for the protection and upholding of the best interests of the child along constitutional lines.