The aftermath of transnational illegal adoptions: Redressing human rights violations in the intercountry adoption system with instruments of transitional justice

A growing movement of illegally adopted individuals request remedies and reparations for the human rights violations that they and their biological families had suffered. This article explores a number of measures that the stakeholders in the receiving countries can use in an effort to repair the human rights violations caused by illegal intercountry adoptions, borrowing ideas from transitional justice. In order to effectively redress the harm inflicted upon victims of illegal adoptions, a policy on remedies should combine instruments of retributive justice, aimed at holding wrongdoers accountable, with measures of restorative justice that focus on the victims’ needs and interests.

Fulfillment of the Rights of Children with Disabilities through the Involvement of Civil Society Organizations, Case of Yayasan Sayap Ibu

The rights of children with disabilities are still an unfinished discourse. In the big cities and remotes areas in Indonesia, sometimes we can hear cases of neglecting children with disabilities. The Indonesian government carries out various programs to eradicate cases of child neglect; one of the efforts taken is to permit social foundations that have special orphanages for children with disabilities to implement a legal adoption system. The question that then arises is, is the system sufficient to fulfill the rights of children with disabilities as mandated by Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection? What components of rights were then successfully fulfilled through this adoption system, and what are the next steps for the government. This study seeks to provide an overview of how the adoption system fulfills children's rights with disabilities. This study using a qualitative method with a case study approach, the study's results photograph the reality experienced by foster children through the adoption system. The study results show that several main components as part of children's rights: the right to life, the right to grow without discrimination, the right to express opinions, and the right to get the best. Thus, from the results of this study, further research is needed to examine how the adoption system can be applied more effectively to reach the fulfillment of the rights of children with disabilities more optimally.Keywords Rights of children with disabilities, adoption system, social foundations for children with disabilities AbstrakHak anak disabilitas masih menjadi wacana yang belum selesai. Kasus penelataran anak disabilitas masih terdengar baik di kota besar maupun di pelosok daerah di Indonesia. Pemerintah Indonesia melaksanakan beragam program untuk mengentaskan kasus penelantaran anak, salah satu upaya yang di tempuh adalah dengan memberikan ijin bagi yayasan sosial yang memiliki panti asuhan khusus anak disabilitas untuk menerapkan sistem adopsi secara legal. Pertanyaan yang kemudian timbul adalah, apakah sistem tersebut cukup untuk memenuhi hak anak disabilitas sebagaimana diamatkan oleh Undang-undang no 23 tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak? komponen hak apa sajakah yang kemudian berhasil dipenuhi melalui sistem adopsi ini dan bagaimana langkah pemerintah selanjutnya. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai bagaimana sistem adopsi memenuhi hak anak disabilitas. Menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, hasil penelitian memotret realitas yang di alami oleh anak asuh melalui sistem adopsi tersebut. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan beberapa komponen utama yang terpenuhi sebagai bagian dari hak anak, yaitu: hak hidup, hak tumbuh tanpa diskriminasi, hak menyampaikan pendapat, dan hak memperoleh yang terbaik. Dengan demikian, dari hasil penelitian ini dibutuhkan penelitian lanjutan untuk menelaah bagaimana sistem adopsi dapat diterapkan lebih efektif untuk menjangkau peneuhan hak anak disabilitas dengan lebih optimal. Kata kunci : hak anak disabilitas, sistem adopsi, yayasan anak disabilitas

The Scenario of Adoption and Foster Care in Relation to the Reproductive Medicine Practice in Asia

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a hallmark of reproductive medicine. However, the inconclusive outcome leads to marital disharmonies; thus, the choices of gamete donation and surrogacy (GD/S) are often offered. In restricted countries, the child-rearing choice through foster/adoption care is promising, but the uptake remains low. We explore the current reproductive services and adoption scenarios in Asian countries to delineate this issue. The web and literature search using PubMed and Ichushi was conducted in Japanese and English using the keywords “adoption”, “foster care”, “reproductive medicine”, including the interview with the respective Asian clinicians. We found that an established adoption system was seen in China, Malaysia, and the Philippines, mainly due to the restriction of GD/S. Although GD/S were allowed in Thailand, Singapore, and India, the different local affordability of IVF cost led to various adoption system scenarios. Nevertheless, the country’s economic aspect does influence the establishment of adoption care, mainly due to financial support from local government. Otherwise, the significant barrier was the cultural/religious background leading to low adoption rates. We concluded that the adoption option should always be highlighted as an alternative strategy as it synergistically contributes to children’s and infertile couples’ welfare.

Another Broken System: How the Adoption System in the United States Is Keeping Families Apart

At its best, the adoption system brings families together and gives children a chance at a happy and healthy life; however, as it turns out, like many other systems in the United States, the adoption system is entrenched with systemic racism that may negatively impact a child’s life. In this paper, I examine the following questions: In what ways does the adoption process favor one race over the other? Who is imagined as the parent and the child in a transracial adoption? What has the public’s response been when the parent is a person of color? I first look at scholarship related to transracial adoptions and the arguments around whether transracial adoptions are beneficial for the children. I discuss some deeply rooted problems in transracial adoptions that may have a long term impact on a child’s life. I then outline my research methods, and finally, I discuss the results of my research. Ultimately, I argue that the adoption system, a system that is supposed to bring families together, is unintentionally keeping families apart with its regulations. In addition, I look into how some of the racist undertones in adoption policies have bled into what people imagine a family should look like.

Adoption wars: inequality, child welfare and (social) justice

This article analyses the conflicts over adoption in England, focusing primarily on the reform programme during the years of coalition and subsequent Conservative governments, but recognising important historical antecedents and wider contexts. Various facets of adoption policy are considered, including processes through which children become available for adoption, alternative avenues for ‘permanence’, legal contestation, ‘openness’, approval of adoptive parents and the organisation of the adoption system. These, in turn, are examined in the contexts of inequalities and (social) justice, and future prospects are considered. It is argued that while ‘adoption wars’ have their own distinct features, they demonstrate significant alignment with the wider ‘culture wars’ between conservative/orthodox and liberal/progressive values.

Smart Adoption System using Image Processing Techniques

Adoption of child plays a major role in recent times. This is due to the emotional and ethical challenges faced by both the adopting parent and the children .This paper presents a new technique of applying image processing technology that uses an image based approach to the system. With the rapid evolution of technology there are large numbers of face recognition algorithm. In this paper we have attempted to review the best face recognition algorithm by considering all the algorithm and its functions. Viola Jones algorithm is used to develop the entire system. Using this algorithm image processing is implemented for further enhancement of the system .This lowers the complexity in the child adoption system and also helps to increase the efficiency of the system.