Impact of Hydro-Politics and Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan

This study primarily focuses on developing an exclusive model, generally explaining the importance of international rivers in the relationships of the nations and particularly interlinked conflict over Kashmir and the Indus River. Conflict is a fact among nations caused because of disputed lands or un-decided borders linked to valuable resources or due to political and ideological differences. Historical differences between Pakistan and India especially about water distributions can leads them towards war. So far, they had fought three wars due to Kashmir's un-resolved issue and an upcoming one could be forecasted to control water resources originating from occupied Kashmir. According to the neo-realistic point of view, this study examines the conflicting interests among India and Pakistan, which are related to Kashmir, and claims that it is not just religious but also geographical as it is connected to the control of river waters. There is very limited significant research present that primarily focuses on this facet of India and Pakistan’s relations. The current literature expresses their conflict as of ideological, cultural, and political nature. This model-based research addresses the relationship of water and other related sources to war and peace through a rational research method demonstrated by broadly observed data.

Review of hydro-economic models (HEMs) which focus on transboundary river water sharing disputes

Hydro-economic models (HEMs) are powerful tools to analyze water scarcity, drought, and water management problems. Though several HEMs reviews have been conducted in the recent past, none of them focused on the management of transboundary river water disputes, benefit sharing, or trade-offs. Therefore, this review explored how HEMs can suggest mitigating water sharing disputes on transboundary rivers. Though more than 300 HEMs have been developed worldwide, very few focused on transboundary river water disputes. After vigorous screening at Google Scholar, only 25 articles were found which focused on transboundary river water disputes. Most HEMs that were reviewed proposed to share benefits such as sharing hydropower produced from the river, reallocating water from low-value agriculture to high-value agriculture or managed operation of the dam, or other monetary compensation. But no study assessed non-water sector benefit sharing such as trade or transit. Most HEMs focused on irrigation and hydropower which are benefits from the river and very few studies focused on fisheries, environment, and wetland which are benefits to the river. International rivers can act as a catalyst among the riparian countries and promote cooperation in trade, commerce, exchange of technologies, and other fields. HEMs can play an important role in this regard. It is to be mentioned that HEMs cannot resolve water conflicts in a shared basin, they only can propose for the options of solution.

Mozambique’s mega-dam plans may face obstacles

Significance The 1,500-megawatt project could have a major impact on energy supply within Mozambique and the wider region. However, the government may face multiple challenges in getting the project off the ground. Impacts Downstream impacts on the ecosystem would affect hundreds of thousands of people. Displacement and disputes over compensation could worsen the security situation. Established long-term critics, such as Justica Ambiental and International Rivers, will raise awareness of the project’s negative impacts.

Environmental Management and Development Strategy of Cross-border River Water Resources

International Rivers pass through more than two countries, which makes it difficult to manage international rivers. Nowadays, the integration of world economic development determines the increasingly close cooperation between countries. The international river has become a hot area of economic development. How to rationally develop and utilize the international river and make it healthy and sustainable development is an important problem facing all countries. China is rich in cross-border river water resources. With the increasingly obvious economic status of cross-border river water resources, how to use cross-border river is an urgent problem. Combined with the distribution characteristics of cross-border rivers in China, this paper discusses the strategic significance of cross-border river development and utilization for national development, combs the current situation of cross-border river development and utilization, and puts forward corresponding measures for cross-border river development strategy, which has reference value for solving the problems caused by cross-border river development.

Affirming the Principle of Good Neighborliness in International Relations

The territory is the fundamental part of a state. It is the geographical space where a state exercises its full sovereignty, asserts its authority and possesses its national resources and wealth. A state territory is a land area under the sovereignty of a given state, in other words, an area in which the state exercises supreme power and which it controls, organizing itself in an administrative relationship and establishing its legal regime. One of the components of a state's sovereignty is its territorial supremacy. The nature of the territorial supremacy of state sovereignty and of the state as a whole cannot be derived from any legal category. The territory of a state includes the land, inland waters and the territorial sea, the airspace above the state. There are also international rivers, streams and canals, which may lie within the territory of one or more states. An international territory is an area of international law which is not subject to the sovereignty of any state and which is open to all states in accordance with international legal standards, the airspace above it as well as over an exclusive economic zone, the seabed and ocean floor outside the country, outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies.

Assessment framework of actor strategies in international river basin management, the case of Deltarhine

The combined effects of socio-economic growth as well as climate change exert increasing pressure on international river basins and require dedicated cooperative efforts to jointly manage international rivers. Cooperative strategies drawn from scientific literature, empirical research and practitioner’s handbooks are explored and clustered into six key dimensions of goals, instruments, structures, actors, leadership and resources to provide an assessment tool of actor strategies for both scientists and practitioners. The exploratory framework is applied to Dutch–German cooperation in the delta of the Rhine catchment, testing its conceptual validity and applicability in international river basin management as well as providing policy recommendations for the study area. The assessment framework can serve as an instrument to inventory, map and evaluate the importance of specific actor strategies and to facilitate dialogue and cross-border cooperation between riparian countries. Alternatively, the framework can be put to use, for example by downstream countries, to assess and coordinate their range of strategies on the national, regional and local level in order to engage and influence their counterparts.

Ecological approach as part of greater environmental awareness

Chapter 7 shows that the emergence of the Ecological approach to rivers is a part of the broader process of greater recognition of the importance of protection of environment, in general. The huge increase in population and production following the Industrial Revolution led to breaches in planetary boundaries, putting the earth and human civilization in a jeopardy. Since the 1970s there has been growing recognition of this mortal danger, and various initiatives were begun along different directions to confront this danger, many focused on protection of rivers and waterbodies. Among these are the Ramsar Convention of 1971, UN Convention on International Rivers of 1997, and formation and report of the World Commission on Dams in 2000. The rise of the Ecological approach to rivers is a continuation of this process.