PET FOOD ON THE MARKET OF UKRAINE

Domestic and foreign production pet food has been subject to state authorization in Ukraine for 20 years. Each prescription of the finished product provided authorization, so the process of their manufacturing and turnover met the requirements of national legislation, which ensured their rational use. The new Law of Ukraine “On Feed Safety and Hygiene” adopted in 2017 brought Ukrainian legislation closer to the norms in force in the EU Member States. However, this Law introduced a new system of authorization of feed additives, but not the finished feed. Requirements for feed production are supervised by a number of regulations, which include the requirements of the European Federation of Food Manufacturers (FEDIAF) for animals and the ISO 22 000 standard, which ensures hygiene, quality, and safety of use. The manuscript illustrates the analysis of the authorized pet food in Ukraine during 2015- 2019, which is necessary for the further development of the domestic market of these products. The prime purpose of this study was the quantitative and qualitative analysis of feed for non- productive animals with the determination of their percentages in the list of the authorized, which differ in types, production forms, animal species for which they are intended. Regulatory stipulations for pet food include mandatory requirements for determining their species, categories, and quantities of feed additives, feed materials, and labeling. The presented characteristics of available pet food on the Ukrainian market during 2015-2019 showed that the broad majority of feeds, 91%, were imported. The compound pet food dominated the study list, and dietary pet food accounted for only 6% of the total range. Pet food is dry and wet or semi-moist. The results of the study revealed the share of dry and wet feeds, and the specifics of their production forms identified. The most common in the list of analyzed pet food was dry, intended for all types of non-productive animals. Wet pet food occupies a slightly smaller share, mainly used for dogs and cats. Dry pet food in the form of pellets and wet pet food in the form of meat or fish pieces were the main groups of food for dogs and cats. This study showed that imported pet food products for non-productive animals dominated in the Ukrainian market, but a tendency to introduce domestic pet food by increasing production by leading national companies present.

‘Standing’ Up for State Rights in Sports Betting

In Gov. Murphy, et al. v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, et al., the Supreme Court resolved one sports betting-related federalism issue and teed up another. In deciding the constitutionality of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (“PASPA”), the Supreme Court considered PASPA vis-à-vis the anti-commandeering doctrine embedded in the Tenth Amendment. The Supreme Court’s majority opinion, written by Justice Alito, concluded: “The PASPA provision at issue here—prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling—violates the anti-commandeering rule.” Justice Alito also foreshadowed the next federalism issue that will likely arise in the sports betting context: “Congress can regulate sports gambling directly, but if it elects not to do so, each State is free to act on its own.” Numerous states have accepted the Supreme Court’s invitation since its ruling was released on May 14, 2018. As of April 30, 2020, over a fifteen states have moved to enact sports betting laws, with dozens more considering legislation.

Accounting for State Authorization in Local Economic Development Policy Usage

This article empirically tests the impact of failing to account for state-level authorization when explaining the factors that lead municipalities to use tax abatements, tax increment financing, and enterprise zones. Although existing research implicitly assumes that state-level authorization exists, this article demonstrates that this unfounded assumption leads to biased estimates using the 1999, 2004, and 2009 International City/County Management Association (ICMA) Economic Development Survey data on a nationwide set of municipalities. This article refines what is known about the factors, leading to the usage of these three policies before offering implications for practitioners and researchers of local economic development.

Professional Closure Beyond State Authorization

For decades, the Weberian approach to the study of professions has been strong, emphasizing state authorization and market monopolies as constituting what is considered a profession. Originally, however, the Weberian conception of closure, or the ways in which a profession is constituted and made separate, was broader. This article suggests a revision of the closure concept, integrating insights from Pierre Bourdieu, and conceptualizing professional closure as the intersection of social, symbolic and legal closure. Based on this revision, this article demonstrates how to apply such a concept in empirical studies. This is done by exploring social, symbolic and legal closure across sixteen professional degree programs. The analyses show a tendency for some overlap between different forms of closure, with a somewhat divergent pattern for legal closure. Results support the argument that we need to study these processes as an intersection of different sources of closure, including capital, lifestyles and discourse