VARIETIES OF PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM L.) WITH SELECTIONALLY VALUABLE CHARACTERISTICS FOR USE IN BREEDING TO INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY AND PROTEIN CONTENT IN SEEDS

In order to highlight the sources of economically valuable traits in 2017-2018 years, 131 varieties of pea collection (Pisum sativum L.) were clustered using a hierarchical agglomerative algoritm based on the minimum of Euclidean distanced. Under conditions with sufficient moisture (2017, GTC=1.35) and moisture deficit (2018, GTC=0.76) in two morphological groups different in leaf type, the varieties were combined into clasters according to similar yield values (g/m2), the protein content in seeds (%) and the duration of the growing season (day) from full germinition to economic maturation. In 2017, in groups with a leafless and a common type leaf, eight clusters were distinguished in each of them, in arid conditions (2018), their number was, respectively, nine and seven. For use in breeding to increase the gross yield of protein, clusters with high yields and protein content are proposed, mainly in the leafless group, which have a higher resistance to lodging. In this morphological group, under conditions with suficient moisture varieties of the sixth cluster Yamalsky, Yamal-2, Aksaysky 55, Stepnyak, Krasnoufimskiy 11, Berkut, Terno with a yield of 380-492 g/m2 and a protein content of 23.23...27.81%, in arid conditions (2018) the varieties of the fifth cluster Faraon, Fokor, L-1599, Pamjat Khangildina, Samarius with indicators, respectively, 268...312 g/m2) and 22.61...22.93% were distinguished. In 2017 among the leaf varieties of the fourth cluster Kudesnik, Argon, L-2516 with the combination of high values of productivity (400...428 g/m2) and protein content in seeds (23.67...25.32%), UG-95888-2, in 2018 varieties of the fifth cluster Intensive 92, Janus, Chishminsky 229 with indicators of 268...320 g/m2 and 22.51...25.42% were distinguished. Varieties Veles and Kazanets with consistently high yields (304-328 g/m2, CV = 0.6 ... 1.3%) are of breeding value as sources of drought resistance

Effect of Pure Culture of Yeast on the Characteristics of Wine Quality

Saperavi is one of the most distinguished varieties of wine among the grape varieties widely spread in Georgia. Along with the grapevine variety, the pure culture of yeast also plays a crucial role in producing high quality wine material, because wine is the product of the viability of yeast. All chemical transformations that take place during the alcoholic fermentation, as a result of which the grape juice is turned into a qualitatively new product, i.e. wine, are carried out by direct involvement of the ferment system of the yeast. In addition, in the process of viability, the yeast produces not only the primary products of fermentation (ethanol and carbon dioxide), but also a number of organic substances (secondary and by -products) that play a big role in forming the wine taste and aroma, as well as the antioxidants, which provide its sustainability, and some biologically active components. Therefore, selecting the pure culture of wine yeast and directing the alcoholic fermentation correctly with the use of it, will guarantee to obtain a high quality product.

PRODUCTIVITY AND ECOLOGICAL PLASTICITY OF POTATO VARIETIES OF LOCAL AND FOREIGN REGIONAL BREEDING IN THE CONDITIONS OF YAKUTIA

The results of the assessment of potato varieties of foreign and local selection in the conditions of Yakutia, carried out in 2012– 2014, are presented. (the characteristic of weather conditions is presented). All varieties belong to the group of early maturing and mid-early. The best in terms of yield in 2012 were the varieties Tulunsky Early (14.8 t / ha), Kamensky (13.7) t / ha and Varmas (13.5 t / ha). The local variety Yakutyanka exceeded the distinguished varieties in yield by 3.9–5.2 t / ha. by the number of tubers from the bush, the varieties Tulunsky early and Yakutyanka were distinguished. The marketable yield of all varieties in 2013 ranged from 10.5 t / ha (Kolobok variety) to 28.8 t / ha (Yakutyanka variety). The marketable yield in 2014 averaged 15.6 t / ha, while Kamensky (18.6 t / ha) and Yakutyanka (18.8 t / ha) cultivars formed a higher yield. In 2012, for all varieties, the marketability varied within 60-75%. The highest marketability of the crop was noted for the Yakutyanka variety - 75%. The marketability of tubers in potato varieties was different in 2013. The highest marketability of the crop was noted for the Varmas variety (98%), the lowest was noted for the Severny and Briz varieties, the marketability was 77–78%. In 2014, the marketability for all varieties varied within 74–95%. The marketable yield of the Yakutyanka variety was the highest in comparison with other varieties and amounted to 18.8 t / ha. Analysis of the ecological plasticity of potato varieties in terms of yield revealed the most plastic variety of the adaptive type Yakutyanka, which in various weather conditions forms a yield of at least 14.0 t / ha.

Onion shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) under the conditions of Absheron

Relevance and methods. Currently, heterotic hybrids of shallots, which are a crossroads, are grown in large quantities in the republic, as a result of which there is genetic clogging that is harmful to the local gene pool. To stop this process, it is necessary to expand the assortment of shallots, which in different conditions of Azerbaijan gives a high yield of leaves, bulbs and seeds. The studies were conducted in 2016–2019 at the experimental site of the Absheron Experimental Base of the Genetic Resources Institute of ANAS. For onion and seed production, large bulbs were planted on the sunny side of the field on October 20–25 to a depth of 7 cm in loose soil. The size of the plots is 2.5 m2, the repetition was three times. The feeding area was 60×15 cm. 2 bulbs were planted in each nest. Plants were watered, depending on weather conditions, at least four times a month.Results. The most promising food shallots varieties for cultivation and seed growing in Absheron conditions are: Borchalinsky, Krasnodar G-729, Kuban, Shallot-Vansky. Compared to the standard Ismayillinsky local variety, the distinguished varieties had a number of advantages. Varieties Borchalinsky and Krasnodar G-729 were more precocious. Kuban and Shallot — Vansky varieties were distinguished by productivity, the yield of which exceeded the yield of the standard variety by more than three times. Almost the same weight of the bulb of the studied samples was 0.6–1.8 g higher than the weight of one bulb of the standard variety. Studies have shown that the average number of arrows in the standard variety and in the Krasnodar G-729 variety was less than in the Borchalinsky, Kuban, and Shallot — Vansky varieties. But the Krasnodar G-729 variety was distinguished by a large number of flowers in the inflorescence, due to which the seed yield from one plant and from the plot was significantly higher than that of other varieties. Based on a four-year study of the shallot collection, the most valuable samples for Absheron conditions were identified and selected agricultural practices, the use of which will produce highly resistant seeds.

Working collection formation of apple-tree (Malus domestica Mill.) gene pool for priority breeding trends

Aim. To define the priority trends of apple breeding in the southern steppe of Ukraine and to identify varieties – sources of high valuable-for-breeding indices for building up a working collection. Results and Discussion. Spring frosts and wet weather in May-June contributing to development of the scab pathogen (Venturia inaequalis), high temperature and water deficit in the 2nd half of the growing period, when fruits grow and ripen, are the major stress weather/climatic factors for apple trees in the southern steppe of Ukraine. Therefore, the priority in breeding is given to developing varieties that would be resistant to several unfavorable factors. At the same time, commercial use of new varieties is possible provided high commercial quality indicators of fruits. High resistance of buds to spring frosts was observed in varieties Vechirnia Zoria, Moldavskoye Krasnoye, and Prima. Oligogenic varieties (genes Vm and Vf), including Harant, Skifske Zoloto, and Liberty, showed no signs of scab development. Varieties with polygenic resistance to this disease were identified; they included Vechirnia Zoria, Ornament, Carola. Drought-tolerant varieties with high water-holding capacity of leaves and their turgor restoration after wilting, including Carola, Florina, and Prima, were selected by a laboratory method. Assessment of drought tolerance in the field made it possible to enrich this group with numerous varieties. Varieties giving fruits with high commercial qualities on insufficient water availability, such as Vechirnia Zoria, Harant, Moldavskoye Krasnoye, Ornament and others, were distinguished. Varieties combining resistance to several unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors with high marketability traits of fruits were singled out. Among them. Harant, Delicious Spur, Liberty, and Prima should be mentioned. Conclusions. The development of varieties with complex tolerance to spring frosts, drought, scab pathogen and high qualities of fruits is the priority trend in the breeding of apple trees in the southern steppe of Ukraine. Varieties - sources of individual valuable traits and their various combinations were identified. Varieties Vechirnia Zoria, Moldavskoye Krasnoye, Ornament, and Golden Resistant combine the maximum number of valuable-for-breeding features. It is varieties-sources of several traits that should make up a working collection of apple trees to increase the breeding efficiency.

Reflection

Medieval literature abounds in stories about animals, of which there are two main, easily distinguished, varieties: animal fables and beast epic.1 Animal fables claim Aesop as their source. They are small narratives in which animals act and speak, with even smaller morals tacked on at the end of the little stories. They involve many animals (e.g., mice, lambs, cocks, foxes, birds, wolves, lions, and frogs). Such stories were used to teach schoolboys both Latin and some commonsense morality into the bargain (e.g., do not overeat; do not overreach; save up for the hard times; justice can be rough and ready, so keep clear of the predators). Beast epic, by contrast, is a group of interconnected narratives, set in the court of the lion; its single (anti-)hero is Reynard the Fox. Beast epic presents narratives of dark but vital humor that repeat the same narrative with many variations: its rhetorically brilliant fox, Reynard, outwits all comers by manipulating their bottomless greed. No matter how tight the corner into which Reynard has been backed, we know he will escape. He escapes through brilliant narrative control and intimate, intuitive knowledge of his enemies’ weaknesses. He exposes the arrogance of the greedy but even more damagingly the hypocrisy of the “civilized” order. We learn a fundamental truth from these stories: both animals and humans are predatory and self-interested ...

Cultivated poplars (Populus, Salicaceae) of Saratov and Engels (Saratov province)

The aim of the study was to find out taxonomic composition of poplars cultivated to the south of Moscow, which is poorly known compared to big northern cities like Moscow or St. Petersburg. Species, hybrids and cultivars were identified by morphology. In Saratov and Engels we found two local species of Populus (P. alba, P. nigra), 1 alien (P. simonii) and about 10 hybrids, mostly cultivars. P. nigra is represented by two well distinguished varieties. Hybrids, especially the complex ones (P. x petrovskoe) are predominant over “pure” species. The composition of ornamental poplars in these towns is approximately similar to Moscow, differences are due to a more southern location, smaller size of the towns , and their position inside the P. nigra and outside the P. longifolia areas.