The Verbs with the Notion of Eating in Manggaraian Language: Natural Semantic Metalanguage Analysis

The aim of this research is to explicate and account for the verb of eating in Manggaraian language. There are some verbs denoting the meaning of eating, such as hang, lompong, jumik, mboros, takung, la’ur, alas, pongo mu’u. The qualitative research method was applied to unveil and explain the explication of meaning in the given verbs respectively. Field-observation and recording were the techniques used to gather the data from the natural speakers utterances as well as part of the data were based on the researchers’ intuitive knowledge as the native speakers. The data were analyzed through the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). The results of the analysis reveal that Manggaraian language has the inventory of verbs designating the meaning of eating such as hang, jumik, lompong, mboros, takung, raci, alas, pongo mu’u. In terms of semantic prime, the verbs are under the category of the action verb. Comparing to the other verbs, the verbs jumik, lompong, pongo mu’u have more delicate meaning of eating. Furthermore, those verbs are classified into generic and specific category of meaning. The verbs “hang, jumik, mboros” are generic in meaning while the verbs lompong alas,racik, pongo mu’u, takung are specific in meaning. The verbs are categorized into non-compositional polysemy. Regarding the explication of meaning, the verbs reveal the action and the process of eating involving certain parts of body (hands and mouth) as well as specific tools (plate, spoon, bowl).

The Syllable Structure of Tiv

Linguistic studies reveal that every language has a particular way of combining its sounds to form words or parts of words called syllables. The paper looks at the syllable structure of the Tiv language, one of the Bantoid languages spoken mostly in the Middle Belt area of Nigeria, especially in Benue, Plateau, Taraba, Nasarawa and Cross River states of Nigeria. The objective of the study is to investigate the internal structure of syllables in the Tiv language in order to establish the regularities and restrictions inherent in the language. The study, therefore, aims at ascertaining the syllable patterns that are found in Tiv. This study adopts qualitative and analytical research design using the C V tier model of the phonological theory of syllable analysis as proposed by McCarthy (1979) and adopted by Clements and Keyser (1983), to explicate the permissible patterns of syllable structures in Tiv. Data for the study were gathered from native speakers of Tiv, whose language has not been corrupted by urbanisation and the researchers' intuitive knowledge of the Tiv language. It was found out in the study that, some of the permissible syllable structures in Tiv language include vowels and consonants like v, cv, ccv, cccv, cvc. It was also discovered that all the five vowels of the English alphabets may begin or end a syllable in the Tiv language. As found in English and other languages where the sequential occurrence of two or more consonants is termed consonant cluster, the Tiv syllable structure permits two or more consonants at the initial or final positions of the syllable which could occur as onset or coda, but they are not regarded as consonant clusters. They are regarded as co-articulations. The study concludes that Tiv language has a wide range of phonotactic constraints which if studied can contribute to the development of Tiv language.

“Becoming the Colour:” Synaesthetic Gesture in a Case Study of Multiple Forms of Synaesthesia

Phenomenological investigations of particpants with grapheme-colour synaesthesia – a condition wherein an inducer consistently and automatically triggers an additional concurrent perceptual experience – have revealed an apparent paradox. Namely, they describe the automaticity of their synaesthetic experiences as being both willed and automatic. Here we apply in-depth interviews and signal-contingent experience sampling to investigate the lived experience of a single case (HR) of synaesthesia to address this paradox. Our results suggest that for HR an inducer elicits a non-visual, spatially-localized, immediate, and intuitive knowledge about the concurrent. Critically, HR reports that in order to experience the concurrent visually, she must perform a specific mental gesture. We suggest that reporting on the former yields descriptions of concurrent experience as being automatic, and reporting on the latter yields descriptions of concurrent experience as being willful. Our findings demonstrate the need for detailed phenomenological investigations of the experince of synaesthesia, in order to develop more accurate descriptions of this experience.

Locke on Being Self to My Self

John Locke accepts that every perception gives me immediate and intuitive knowledge of my own existence. However, this knowledge is limited to the present moment when I have the perception. If I want to understand the necessary and sufficient conditions of my continued existence over time, Locke argues that it is important to clarify what “I” refers to. According to Locke, persons are thinking intelligent beings who can consider themselves as extended into the past and future and who are concerned for their happiness and accountable for their actions. I show that the concept of self that he develops in the context of his discussion of persons and personal identity is richer and more complex than the I-concept that he invokes in his version of the cogito. In the final section I turn to the reception of Locke’s view by some of his early critics and defenders, including Elizabeth Berkeley Burnet, an anonymous author, and Catharine Trotter Cockburn.

The Concept of Color Metaphor In Sundanese: A Semantic Cognitive Study

This paper is a qualitative descriptive study that aims to describe the concept of color in Sundanese. In this study, the authors used the free-to-speak listening method without involving the participants. To support data collection, the author involves intuitive knowledge. In the method of analysis, the writer uses referential methods and semantic methods to describe and compare the relationship between metaphorical expressions as the source and the intended meaning of the target. The data taken are fragments of song lyrics, fragments of sentences from short stories, and proverbs. As a result, the authors found the colors hideung, beureum, bodas, konéng, héjo and blue in the concept of color as a Sundanese metaphor.Keywords: Metaphors, cognitive semantics, Sundanese language, conceptual metaphors

Valency in the Urhobo Language

This paper examines verb valency in Urhobo, using minimalism as a theoretical framework. Verb valency deals with the question of how many participants a specific verb logically presupposes in order for the event denoted by the verb to be realizable. The method of data collection is categorized into two main sources: primary and secondary data. The preliminary data refers to the information obtained using intuitive knowledge, the secondary source refers to documented information obtained from the library, internet, and other published materials. The study reveals that where we have one argument structure, we have one theta function. There are two place predicates we have two theta roles or functions, and also, three arguments predicates possess three theta roles. This goes a long way to say that Urhobo verbs can take different arguments, and their syntactic and semantic well-formedness will still be intact. It also reveals that it takes only one individual to carry out one event, such as òvwèrẹ̀ (sleeping event) in the Urhobo language. Finally, the paper identifies three valency classes in the Urhobo language (Mono-valent verb- takes or involves one entity, Di-valent verb- takes or involves two entities, and Tri-valent verb- takes or involves three entities).

Spinoza's Account of Blessedness Explored through an Aristotelian Lens

ABSTRACT In this article, I examine whether Spinoza's account of blessedness can be identified with a contemplative ideal in the Aristotelian tradition. I first introduce the main features of the Aristotelian life of contemplation and its difference from the life of practically oriented virtues — a difference that is grounded in Aristotle's distinction between praxis and theoria. In highlighting the commonalities between Spinoza's two kinds of adequate cognition — that is, intuitive knowledge and reason — I show that there is no room for a similar distinction in Spinoza, which will enable us to identify intuitive knowledge and its attendant blessedness exclusively with the theoretical activity.

Nominalization in TIV

Nominalization is a linguistic process of deriving nouns from other word classes or linguistic units. Nominalization is evident in many languages of the world. The Tiv language also exhibits nominalization. This paper critically analyses nominalization in Tiv. The objectives of the paper are: to determine the processes through which nominalization takes place in the Tiv language, the extent to which the processes of nominalization are productive in the Tiv language, and the classes of words and linguistic units that are nominalized in Tiv. Data were sourced from the native speakers of Tiv using the researcher – participant technique. The researchers documented the lexical items used during the interaction, determine the basic components of the lexical items and the word classes such lexical items belonged to. The intuitive knowledge of the researchers as the native speakers of the language was harnessed. The secondary data were sourced from the already existing literatures such as textbooks, journals and the internet. The theory adopted in the paper is Hokett’s (1954) structural theory whose models are the Item-and-Process (I.P) and Item-and-Arrangement (I.P). It has been found out that the processes through which nominalization takes in the Tiv language are prefixation, prefixation plus some modifications, tonality and desententialization (sentence deconstruction). These processes are discovered to be very productive in nominalization in Tiv. It has also been found out that verbs roots and adjectives are the classes of words that are nominalized (lexical nominalization) in the Tiv language together with sentences (syntactic nominalization).

Sufi Dynastic Families in Pre-Mughal India

In South Asia the proliferation of Muslim settlements between the 13th and the 15th centuries was accompanied by the expansion of sufi fraternities. Sufis were revered as venerable figures due to their status as the possessors of spiritual grace and intuitive knowledge. Many sufis cultivated a comportment that was endearing, avuncular, and charismatic. They also gained renown for their textual productions, some more than others. Conventional historiography classifies sufis according to their affiliation to sufi silsilahs (spiritual order): Chishti, Suhrawardi, Firdausi, Qadiri, and several others. The linear perception of a silsilah as a chain of transmission of authority from a sufi pīr (spiritual master) to his murīds (disciple) and k̲h̲alīfās (spiritual successor), and the fixed notions about precepts and praxis have conflated the heterogeneous spiritual paths of individual sufis. Most of the spiritual orders did not expand in a unilateral manner. The classification of sufi silsilahs by similitude and differences precludes the complex, multistranded evolution of sufi praxis. The perception of a homogeneous silsilah is premised on the textualization of the genealogy of sufis in the taz̠kirāt (biographical dictionary).The perception that a hegemonic spiritual order is based on a linear and exclusionary chain of transmission of authority as evident in the taz̠kirāt can be challenged by taking recourse to the discourses of individual Sufis in the malfūz̤āt (utterances). The malfūz̤āt represent the spiritual path of charismatic sufi preceptors who relied on select historical personages from an “omnipresent past” to define their praxis rather than on a linear history of sufi preceptors. By contextualizing sufi texts in their contexts, the negotiation and competition among the lineal and spiritual descendants can be traced. In the 14th century neo-eponymous sufis effortlessly transited from one sufi affiliation to another (Nizamiyya to Chishti, for instance), but in the 16th century sufi texts highlighted the simultaneous, multiple affiliations of sufis, thereby complicating the history of the sufi silsilahs.

Diamantino Martins e a Existência Radicalmente Orientada para Deus

Diamantino Martins, one of the main masters of the Braga School, was part of the founding group of the Portuguese Journal of Philosophy (Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia). He is the author of a vast philosophical work, and presents an original thought on natural evidence and immediate intuitive knowledge of God. The fine sensitivity and psychological analysis of the feeling of the divine in the deepest identity of the human being manifest, in his work, a penetrating understanding of the actuality of the question of God, very present in the return of the religious and the divine, in the literature of the end of last century. It is also situated in the innovative current of philosophical thought of contemporary Portuguese authors, about the philosophical treatment of the question of God, like Sampaio Bruno and Fernando Pessoa.