Gender Disparity in Travel Demand Management of University Students and Employees

The Earn-a-Bike (EAB) program is a travel demand management (TDM) effort at the University of Louisville. It provides a $400 bike shop voucher for students and university employees to forgo their parking permits for two years. This research explores this program to answer three questions: Does gender affect people’s willingness to participate in a TDM program such as the EAB? Does gender have different impacts on population segments at different life stages? How does a suburbanized spatial structure interact with gender and affect people’s willingness to participate in the EAB program? The findings suggest that females are generally less willing to participate in the EAB program. However, when the student and faculty/staff populations are separated, this gender effect became insignificant for the student population, but became stronger for the faculty/staff population. Furthermore, females in suburban areas are less likely than males to participate in the program.

IMPLEMENTASI PENGELOLAAN PAJAK RETRIBUSI PARKIR DI KOTA KENDARI

The purpose of this study was to determine the management of parking levy taxes and efforts made by Kendari City government in optimizing the receipt of parking tax/retribution in Kendari City.The research method used is a qualitative research method with a descriptive analysis approach, data collection using interview, observation and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique used by the author is a qualitative data analysis technique that is by searching and compiling systematically from the results of interviews, observation and documentation then selecting the data needed and making conclusions that are easy to understand.Based on the results of the study, the management of parking fees that have been carried out so far has been quite good, can be seen from the percentage between the target and the realization of parking retribution from 2016-2018 experiencing fluctuations and in 2017 did not reach the target set, and the last 3 (three) years this contribution of parking fees to local original income is very small. This is because there are still many obstacles experienced by the Regional Tax and Retribution Management Agency in Kendari in managing parking fees. In the planning process has been going well can be seen in determining the target parking retribution per year which always refers to the results of the evaluation of the achievement of targets in the previous year and see the potential in the field. Organizing is still not effective, it can be seen from the standard of work of the parking fees officers still experiencing obstacles in the number of personnel. From the implementation efforts, it is still not effective in collecting parking taxes, such as the provision of parking permits, there are still some who do the installation without making prior permission and lack of awareness of the taxpayer about the importance of paying taxes which is the foundation for Kendari City Development. Only the supervision indicators carried out by superiors to subordinates are effective, such as monitoring carried out to evaluate the work is maximized, so as not to provide opportunities for individuals in the field to commit fraud. But supervision of the community is still not effective because there are still many illegal parking lots without having installation permits. Keywords: Tax management, Parking Fees

Converting Garages into Housing

Cities have a large supply of garages that could be converted into affordable housing in single-family neighborhoods, but minimum parking requirements prevent converting most of these garages into apartments. We examine how cities can relax off-street parking requirements for houses with converted garages. In Residential Parking Permit Districts, cities can limit the number of on-street parking permits allowed at any address with a second unit. This policy can remove on-street parking congestion as a reason for neighbors to oppose garage conversions, double the potential number of housing units in single-family neighborhoods, and increase the supply of safe, affordable housing.

Heterogeneous Parking Market Subject to Parking Rationing

Different types of drivers and parking spaces delineate a heterogeneous parking market for which the literature has yet to provide a model applicable to the real world. The main obstacle is computational complexities of considering various parking restrictions along with traffic congestion on the road network. In this study, the heterogeneity aspects are considered within a Logit parking choice model. A mathematical programming problem was introduced to explicitly consider parking capacities and parking rationing constraints. The parking rationing is defined as any arrangement to reserve parking space for some specific demand such as parking permit, private parking, VIP parking, and different parking durations. Introduction of parking rationing in the presence of other constraints is a unique factor in this study which makes the model more realistic. The algorithm was tested on a central business district case study. The results prove that the algorithm is able to converge rapidly. Among the algorithm’s output are shadow prices of the parking capacity and parking rationing constraints. The shadow prices contain important information which is key to addressing a variety of parking issues, such as the location of parking shortages, identification of fair parking charges, viability of parking permits, and the size of reserved parking.