FORMULATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURAL REPAIR ENTERPRISES

The article presents the main production cycles of engine repair at a repair and mechanical plant. The main production cycle of engine repair at the repair and mechanical plant consists of external steaming of the unit in the steaming chamber with the discharge of the formed effluent into the pre-fabricated well. Next the disassembly of the en-gine into individual components is carried out, then they are cleaned in cross washing machines with periodic discharge of spent detergent solutions into the prefabricated tanks. After restoration of details the assembly of the diesel engine and its test on stands is carried out. The necessary parts are electrochemically galvanized, chrome-plated or coated with iron. Several local wastewater treatment schemes on the plant with utilization of valuable components and their reuse are offered. Wastewater and waste process solutions are conventionally divided into low-concentrated and concentrated. Low-concentrated wastewater includes effluents from the diesel test site, flushing water from plating baths, and discharge of a revolving diesel cooling system. A scheme for wastewater treatment from petrole-um products and substances in the form of suspensions has been developed and researched, which allows reusing wastewater from the re-verse water supply to the diesel test site. The schematic diagram of the reverse water supply of the diesel test area will consist of a column electrical flotation coagulator, contaminated water collectors, saturators and pumps. A scheme of electrochemical purification of waste detergents has been developed, which includes receivers of detergent solution, preliminary settling of coarse impurities, column electrical coagulator-floater with soluble aluminum electrodes, electrolyte collection. The peculiarity of the device is the operation of the electrode system in a pure electrolyte, which eliminates the possibility of contamination and passivation of electrical and chemical processes. The electrically generated coagulant is dosed into the reaction chamber, mixed with the detergent solution, coagulates and floats the contamination, which allows to extend the service life of the detergent solutions in two or three times.

Review: Perspective on ocular toxicity of presurgical skin preparations utilizing Chlorhexidine Gluconate/Hibiclens/Chloraprep

Background: Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHG), Hibiclens (4% CHG with 4% Isopropyl Alcohol Detergent), and Chloraprep (i.e. labeled CHG-based solutions), utilized as preoperative surgical preparatory solutions may all cause severe oculotoxicity and ototoxicity. Alternatively, 10% Povidone-Iodine (PI) solutions without detergent demonstrate minimal toxic effects on the eyes and ears. Methods: Based on studies from 1984 to 2021, we compared the safety/efficacy of CHG-based versus PI-based solutions utilized for presurgical skin preparation near the cornea/eyes and ears (i.e., predominantly for cranial or cervical spine surgery). Results: Some studies documented that even minimal exposure (i.e., “splash risk”) during face/neck skin preparation with CHG-based solutions could result in irreversible corneal injury and ototoxicity. Within minutes to hours, CHG-based non-detergent solutions posed the risks of; corneal epithelial edema, anterior stromal edema, conjunctival chemosis, bullous keratopathy, and de-epithelialization. Notably, even occlusive dressings like Tegaderm could not protect against CHG penetration. Alternatively, PI-based solutions posed no to minimal ocular and/or ototoxicity, while often demonstrating comparable protection against surgical site infections (SSI). Conclusion: Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHG), Hibiclens, and Chloraprep (i.e. CHG-based solutions) are often used as skin preparations near the face/eyes/spine (i.e., particularly anterior/posterior cervical procedures). However, if these solutions come in contact with the eyes, corneal irritation, abrasions, and even blindness may result. Alternatively, PI non-detergent solutions demonstrate safety/minimal oculotoxicity/ototoxicity, while frequently showing comparable efficacy against SSI.

Environmental Safety of Waste Detergent Solutions

Toxicological assessment of waste detergent solutions were carried out to determine the hazardous degree of these solutions. The results of this assessment showed that even a significant dilution of the waste detergent solutions does not guarantee their environmental safety.

ANALYSIS OF MODERN AUTOMATIC METHODS OF WASHING OF MILKING INSTALLATIONS

According to ISO 3918: 2007, ISO 5707: 2007 and ISO 6690: 2007, the detergent system must be designed and constructed so that detergents and disinfectants do not mix with milk. The proper functioning of the circulating detergent system depends on the following factors: the design and installation of the detergent system must ensure the proper volume of circulation, the speed and duration of the detergent solutions; temperature and concentration should be appropriate for the types of cleaning and disinfecting solutions. The purpose of the research is to analyze modern automatic ways of washing milking machines and to determine the basic modes of operation of washing machines. The washing machine is intended for washing and disinfection of milk systems and equipment of milking machines in cowsheds with a restrained method of holding and non-milking, whereby milking is carried out in the milking room. The washing machine is usually available in stock for standard and standard washing. The principle of piling is based on repeated use of water and detergent. The washing machine for standard washing is based on a circulating flushing system with a flow heater. Pre-rinsing and rinsing are done with water plugs.

An automated data processing and analysis pipeline for transmembrane proteins in detergent solutions

The application of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to the structural characterization of transmembrane proteins (MPs) in detergent solutions has become a routine procedure at the most synchrotron BioSAXS beamlines around the world. SAXS provides overall parameters and low resolution shapes of solubilized MPs, but is also meaningfully employed in hybrid modeling procedures that combine scattering data with information provided by high-resolution techniques (eg. macromolecular crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy). Structural modeling of MPs from SAXS data is non-trivial, and the necessary computational procedures require further formalization and facilitation. We propose an automated pipeline integrated with the laboratory-information management system ISPyB, aimed at preliminary SAXS analysis and the first-step reconstruction of MPs in detergent solutions, in order to streamline high-throughput studies, especially at synchrotron beamlines. The pipeline queries an ISPyB database for available a priori information via dedicated services, estimates model-free SAXS parameters and generates preliminary models utilizing either ab initio, high-resolution-based, or mixed/hybrid methods. The results of the automated analysis can be inspected online using the standard ISPyB interface and the estimated modeling parameters may be utilized for further in-depth modeling beyond the pipeline. Examples of the pipeline results for the modelling of the tetrameric alpha-helical membrane channel Aquaporin0 and mechanosensitive channel T2, solubilized by n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside are presented. We demonstrate how the increasing amount a priori information improves the model resolution and enables deeper insights into the molecular structure of protein-detergent complexes.STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCESmall angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) using synchrotron radiation is a powerful technique for the structural characterization of transmembrane proteins (MPs) in detergent solutions Overall structural characterization and modeling of MPs from SAXS data is non-trivial, and the necessary computational procedures require further formalization and facilitation. We propose an automated pipeline integrated with the laboratory-information management system ISPyB, aimed at preliminary SAXS analysis and modelling of MPs in detergent solutions, in order to streamline high-throughput studies, especially at synchrotron beamlines.

Peculiarities of thermal denaturation of OmpF porin from Yersinia ruckeri

Irreversible denaturation of membrane proteins in detergent solutions is similar to unfolding of water-soluble multidomain proteins and represents a complex, multistage process.