Student Intervention Against Homophobic Name-Calling: The Role of Peers, Teachers, and Inclusive Curricula

Encouraging bystander intervention is an effective strategy to prevent episodes of bullying victimization at school. Yet there remains a paucity of evidence on this behavior in situations of homophobic name-calling, a form of peer victimization aimed at mocking individuals based on their actual or perceived sexual orientation. The existing research has focused on intentionality rather than actual student intervention behaviors, and, of note, no previous studies have taken into consideration contextual factors at the classroom and school levels. The present study examined whether students’ observations of teacher and peer interventions against homophobic name-calling and perceptions of the representation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues in class are associated with student intervention behaviors against homophobic name-calling. A three-level multilevel approach was used to account for the nested nature of students’ experiences in classrooms and schools. The sample included 1,296 students (43.57% girls) recruited from 84 classrooms of 22 Italian public high schools. Preliminary analyses showed that the variability in students’ reports had more to do with which classrooms versus which schools students attend. Results from multilevel regressions indicated that students who observe teachers intervening during episodes of homophobic name-calling, and who perceive the representation of LGBT issues in class as positive, were more likely to intervene against homophobic name-calling and to observe other classmates intervene as well. Also, participants who observed other students intervening were more likely to intervene. These findings highlight the importance of the role of teachers in modeling classroom norms to encourage bystander interventions. Teachers can do so indirectly such as when providing a positive representation of LGBT issues in class, or directly when intervening to condemn episodes of homophobic name-calling. In addition, our results affirm the importance of peer influence in encouraging bystander interventions during episodes of homophobic name-calling.

Reform universities, revolutionize societies. The Expansion of a Latin American Student Movement

The article reconstructs the student intervention during the first decades of the 20th century to link the University Reform, movement started in the middle of 1918 in Córdoba, Argentina. By highlighting the students’ revolutionary enthusiasm and the continental spread, the article seeks to show that the newness of 1918 was the inscription in the left of the student demands, until then in agreement with the oligarchic republics. So it proposes that the well-known Latin American and anti-imperialist identity of the Reform, as characterized by the historiography on the subject, only takes shape in the middle of twenty decade.

Scaling Up

This reflective article explores the aftermath of the Then & Now project and demonstrates how the Faculty of Arts at the University of Warwick has sought to open up the opportunity to a greater number of students whilst simultaneously retaining the key learning elements of the programme. This piece demonstrates the compromises and challenges inherent in ‘scaling up’ a student intervention of this kind, alongside detailing the opportunities for improvement presented by repeating the engagement opportunity with a new group of students. The article also considers some of the difficulties presented by running the programme during the 2020/21 Covid-19 pandemic and reflects on learning opportunities and future plans.

A case study of implementing response to intervention in high school

Many secondary schools pride themselves on having a rigorous academic program for all students. These same schools are excited to share how their students have become more socially responsible after graduation. In fact, many schools provide both ideologies in their mission statements and plaster it throughout their buildings, websites, publications, and letterhead. But what secondary schools should be asking and answering is: how do their teams respond when students do not master the material? Schools that successfully provide student intervention and support student mastery at every level of content attainment should celebrate and promote this product of student growth. Studies, mostly in elementary schools, highlight that well-implemented response to intervention, or RTI, processes include the following: formation of intervention teams, development of a universal screening process, continual monitoring of students for progress, and use of evidence-based interventions. Previous studies on RTI in secondary school settings have shown some success with reading and math interventions, but various barriers to implementation also existed and were minimally discussed. Seeking to add to the growing body of RTI literature in a high school setting, this qualitative case study explored to what degree the essential elements of response to intervention, or RTI, were implemented in Aspen Time, one high school's uniquely designed, daily, 30-minute, student intervention period. Data collection included document review, focus groups, interviews and observations of Aspen Time. Analyses found four barriers to implementation (scheduling/structure, curriculum issues, fidelity, and staff capacity/professional development) and offered recommendations for high schools on RTI implementation.