Political leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in selected analytical categories

The aim of the article is to define the political leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and present the attributes and factors which primarily influenced the effectiveness of his leadership in the Turkish society. Erdoğan has a strong and unquestioned position in his own party, as well as on the Turkish political scene. For a significant part of the society, he is an irreplaceable person and the best leader in the history of the country. Factors which have a major influence on his success are of social, economic and cultural nature. He is a leader, who can easily turn a crisis to his own advantage and convince his followers to support his own arguments. Erdoğan’s activities, which were firmly focused on economic issues, health care reforms and Turkey’s integration with the European Union, enabled him to gain the support of even this part of the society whose values are distant from the ones he accepts. At the same time, he represents a confrontational attitude towards political opponents and often expresses his reluctance towards them.

The English-Speaking Countries

This chapter considers the extent to which it is possible to speak of a commonality in the welfare state experience of English-speaking welfare states (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States). At one level, the expectation that these tend to be comparatively small, low-spending, market-focused (‘liberal’) welfare states proves to be true. But, upon closer inspection, that commonality tends to break down. Some have been more redistributive than others and the Antipodean cases (Australia and New Zealand) with distinctive labour market institutions suggest the possibility of a different way of managing distributional outcomes. The widely canvassed US ‘exceptionalism’ proves to be true to some extent, though less so after Obama’s health-care reforms. In the wake of the Great Financial Crisis of 2008, both commonalities and differences remained.

Medical Subspecialty Telehealth Consults

Health care reforms are advancing new care models that emphasize population-based outcomes. Emergency clinicians are challenged to provide coordinated care with limited resources. Emerging value-based models create the incentives for emergency clinicians to collaborate with specialists to provide high-quality care while lowering cost by reducing admissions when possible. Subspecialty consultation may be difficult to obtain in regions where the population does not support a subspecialist or where there is a workforce shortage. However, obtaining a telehealth subspecialist consult from a remote pool, local network, or established patient–physician relationship can provide such a service. Several use-cases are presented to illustrate how telehealth subspecialty consultation from the emergency department can change patient care and outcomes.

National Health Reforms in Georgia during 1994-2021 and their Success

The Health Reform of the country is a very difficult burden for two reasons: firstly, we need an appropriate economy level in the country, that can bear the new health model, established through reform, and secondly, the country needs a health system that is appropriate either for its economic system or for its tradition and history. Health reformers need to match all the points of the health reform concept, its implementation, and the systems of the country. Due to its Soviet past, Georgia struggled in the last twenty years to find an effective and cost efficient health model for its citizens. Starting from the 90s, Georgia instituted three health reforms and finally found some sustainable measures. The present article explores the three waves of the Georgian Health Care reforms, and analyses the factors of their success and the reasons for their failures. The importance of studying the Health Care systems is derived from Sustainable Development Goals targeting Health issues including health-related topics to improve the population’s health and wellbeing as well as achieve universal coverage of health services. The research contributes to the knowledge regarding the Health Care Reforms, and their practical implications on a country.

The Impact of Health Care Reforms on Improving the Quality of Medical Services: International Experience

The study of foreign experience in the field of reforming the medical industry is relevant at the present stage. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of countries that have successfully implemented the reform of the health system, to identify mechanisms and tools for improving the quality of medical services. The article examines the concept of "quality of medical services". Based on the expert survey, the directions of improving the quality of medical services in the process of implementing health care reforms have been identified. Following these directions, the international experience of reforming the health care system to improve the efficiency of the use of budget funds for the provision of medical services, ensuring equal access to medical services for urban and rural populations, and the development of primary health care has been considered. The study concludes that improving the quality of medical services in the process of health care reforms is possible with the implementation of specific activities based on the use of international experience in health care reform.

Born in the USA? A Comparison of “Inspired” Health Care Reforms in Germany and France

Context: Despite numerous examples of health policy transfer in Western health systems, the nature of such “inspired” reforms has received little detailed attention. The aim of this article is to apply and refine a specific theoretical angle for the analysis of these reforms, using the theoretical frameworks of transfer and translation. Methods: The design is based on a comparative case study: the introduction of disease management programs (DMPs) for diabetes in Germany in 2002 and in France in 2008, drawing on a literature review and semi-structured interviews. Findings: In introducing its DMP, Germany chose and combined several components in a process of selective borrowing, while France opted for copying a specific foreign program and adapting it. Such differences in process are linked to distinct system structures, in particular the setup of health insurance and the representation of physicians. Further, the displayed versus actual degree of inspiration varied significantly, with a branding strategy in Germany (high display of foreign influence) and the inverse picture in France (high degree of actual inspiration). Conclusions: This analysis has applied the dual perspective of transfer and translation. Both proved complementary and necessary, and translation appeared as a main determinant of implementation success.

Toward the Cure of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children in China

This study explored results of therapy of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in China, recent progress, and challenges. Included are a survey of therapy outcomes of ALL in Chinese children nationwide, comparison of these data with global ALL therapy outcomes, analyses of obstacles to improving outcomes, and suggestions of how progress can be achieved. Therapy outcomes at many Chinese pediatric cancer centers are approaching those of resource-rich countries. However, nationwide outcomes still need improvement. Obstacles include suboptimal clinical trials participation, children without adequate health care funding, human resource shortages, especially physicians expert in pediatric hematology and oncology, and social-economic disparities. We suggest how these obstacles have been and continue to be remedied including expanded access to protocol-based therapy, improved supportive care, health care reforms, recruitment of trained personnel, and international collaborations. China has made substantial progress treating children with ALL. We envision even better outcomes in the near future.

MODERN PROBLEMS TRAINING PECIALISTS PUBLIC HEALTH OF KAZAKHSTAN

Проблемы, возникающие перед системой здравоохранения, диктуют постоянное обновление и совершенствование системы подготовки специалистов общественного здравоохранения, в т.ч. по пересмотру содержания образовательных программ, адаптированных к международным требованиям и потребностям отечественного здравоохранения и позволяющих обеспечить органы и учреждения здравоохранения персоналом, способным на высоком профессиональном уровне решать задачи модернизации здравоохранения, повышения качества медицинской помощи населению. Цель. В представленном обзоре литературы рассматривается актуальные проблемы подготовки специалистов общественного здравоохранения Казахстана. Материалы и методы. Для выделения современных тенденций и подходов в системах подготовки кадров управления здравоохранением проведен обзор литературных данных в международных базах данных PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library. Выводы. Перспективными направления развития системы подготовки специалистов общественного здравоохранения остаются межстранновая интеграция образования, компетентный подход и совершенствование содержательного контента в соответствии с реформами здравоохранения. The problems faced by the healthcare system, dictate the constant updating and improving the system of training specialists in public health, including the revision of the content of educational programs adapted to the international requirements and the needs of the national healthcare system and allowing to provide healthcare institutions with personnel, able to solve the problems of modernizing healthcare and improving the quality of medical care to the population at a high professional level. Goal. The presented review of the literature examines the actual problems of training public health professionals in Kazakhstan. Materials and methods. To highlight current trends and approaches in health management training systems, a review of literature data in international databases PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library. Conclusions. Intercountry integration of education, a competent approach and the improvement of content in accordance with health care reforms remain promising directions for the development of the system of training public health professionals.