Terrorist threats to diplomatic missions of Ukraine abroad

The article presents an analysis of specific terrorist threats to diplomatic missions of Ukraine abroad, their employees and families, as well as citizens of Ukraine, who are on their official missions abroad, who are informed about state secrets. It developed specific recommendations for actions in dangerous situations in the case of terrorist attacks in the area of DMU’s location, especially, when the terrorist act is followed by blocking the mission, taking the stuff members for hostages.

Improvement of administrative and legal support of preparation of citizens for military service

The purpose of the article is to determine the directions for improving the administrative and legal support for the preparation of citizens for military service.The article substantiates that the preparation of citizens for military service is a special type of activity of the de-fense forces and other subjects, aimed at developing a complex of motivational, emotional-volitional and cognitive qualities, knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for successful military service in a civilian. It has been deter-mined that the subject of preparing citizens for military service is. Such a subject is not a serviceman, but a person who, with a certain degree of probability, can enter military service. This makes the procedure for organizing this training fundamentally different from the traditional hierarchical system of subordination with the observance of the principle of one-man command. Considering that the subjects of training are the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, other central executive bodies, local state administrations, local self-government bodies, bodies of the Society for the Assistance to the Defense of Ukraine, as well as other associations of citizens are involved with their consent in accordance with their charters, a set of rights and obligations of subjects training is determined by legal acts regu-lating their legal status.Based on the analysis of legal acts, the author concluded that the competence of these subjects is not specific: many of them are indicated that they “contribute to the preparation of young people for military service,” and what is such assistance, goals, objectives, principles of such training, how are those responsible for her face remains uncertain. This contributes to the formalization of the activities of some entities for which the activity to ensure the state’s defense is not the main one. This necessitates the delimitation of the competence of the subjects of prepara-tion for military service, assigning specific areas of work to each of them, increasing the transparency of these types of activities, if this is not related to the observance of state secrets, creating objective criteria for assessing such activities and fixing the relevant provisions in acts of administrative legislation.

The Impact of Covid-19 on National Security of Nepal

With the announcement of a nationwide lockdown from 24th March 2020 in Nepal, national security is no longer limited to the proper use of economic power, political authority, and diplomacy. Public and private offices have asked their employees to work from home in the online space considering the uncertainty about the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. The introduction of the ‘new normal’ to maintain physical distance and perform the task from cyber/online space has demanded the redefinition of the concept of national security, i.e., beyond the protection of nation and citizens from potential attacks and ensuring the guard of the state secrets. With the responsibility to undertake the regular duties including preparation for war, investigation of crimes, safeguard of national territories, and the establishment of peace and order, the security forces of Nepal are piled up with another challenging responsibility of preventing cybercrime and its by-product in this ongoing digital era. As the security forces of Nepal are occupied with the task to address the pandemic situation, it is likely that criminals and terrorists take advantage of it and cause rampant cybercrimes. Electronic Transaction Act, 2063B.S (2008A.D) is the major law that authenticates, regularizes, and controls the unauthorized use of electronic records in Nepal. This article focuses on the discussion if more than a decade older Act is sufficient to address the new cyber issues mushrooming in speedily running cyberspace. This article aims to explore various impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on different aspects of the national security of Nepal with special emphasis on cyber security. The study is conducted based on data obtained from different sources. Published articles, news, documentaries, and comparative study related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on national security are searched and reviewed for this study.

“It Turns Out Glavlit Has Not Yet Signed Off on Ostrovsky Dictionary…” (Correspondence of N. S. Ashukin and S. I. Ozhegov 1940—1960s)

The little-known factsof the work of N. S. Ashukin, S. I. Ozhegov and V. A. Filippov on the original lexicographic edition of the 1940s — “Dictionary to the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky” is analyzed in the article. The connection between the socio-cultural situation in the country and the scientific research of those years is shown. Special attention is paid to the facts of ideological pressure on philological thought. The circumstances that hindered the publication of the Dictionary are revealed. For the first time, genuine letters from the participants in this project, telling about the ambiguous situation in Glavlit (Soviet Main Administration for Safeguarding State Secrets in the Press) and the intention of the authors to save the manuscript from death are published in the appendix. It tells about further attempts of scientists and their descendants to resume the preparation of the publication of the book in the 1960—1970s. The facts given in the correspondence are commented on from the standpoint of history and philosophy of science, the necessary references are indicated, possible comparisons are made with the events and persons mentioned in the letters. The presented fragment of the linguistic picture of the world is also considered in the key of the development of linguistic personality and its role in the era of dictatorship. Attention is drawn to the high historical value of the undertaken work and its place in the lexicographic tradition of the XX century. It is concluded that archival materials play a key role in reconstructing the real picture of the life and activities of Soviet scientists, supplement the chronicle of science with valuable observations and contribute to an objective assessment of the achievements of philologists, show their firm position in upholding the interests of science during the dominance of ideologization in society.

Features of criminal and legal protection оf state secrets under US law

The article is devoted to determining the features of criminal law protection of state secrets under US law. The system of US regulations in the field of protection of state secrets is considered. The classification of types of state secrets is given. The grounds for criminal liability for crimes in the field of protection of state secrets have been determined. The measures of criminal and legal influence applied to the persons who have committed such crimes are revealed.

The Politics of Archives in Uganda

Since the beginning of the 21st century, archivists in Uganda have been pursuing a number of projects to make previously inaccessible archival collections available for research. All of this work of archival rehabilitation makes it hard to see the longer history of control and curatorship in the management of Uganda’s public record. Uganda’s archives have, over the course of decades, been rearranged and pruned in response to changing political and intellectual demands. In the 1950s and 1960s British and Ugandan officials sought to shield the paper record from examination. This regime of access control deprived campaigners of inspiration and evidence. During the 1970s, with the ascendancy of Idi Amin’s government, archives were rendered into a national patrimony. Civil servants hastened to ensure that the record of their accomplishments was stored in safe custody. Since the late 1980s the government of Yoweri Museveni has disinvested the state from the legacies of the past. For the Museveni government the slow decay of the public record has allowed the foreclosing of divisive debates about history. Uganda’s political history has been episodic and interrupted, and every new regime has had to struggle anew to author a narrative about national self-becoming. That is why Uganda’s governments have taken such dramatically different positions on the management of historical knowledge. Opening or withholding archival materials is a way of editing the public record. It makes some kinds of information state secrets and renders other aspects of the past into a legacy, a source of inspiration and orientation.

Features of resposibility for disclosure of state secrets in Ukraine and foreign countries: comparative legal analysis

The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the responsibility for the disclosure of state secrets in Ukraine and foreign countries. It is taken into account that information that is a state secret is extremely important for society and the state. In addition, they need special and vigilant protection from law enforcement, government agencies and civil society and each individual. It is emphasized that in modern conditions of global information network development the problems of solving access to information, as well as effective use of state information resources, which also includes information with limited access and the establishment of order to assign information from one category to another, become relevant. The legal institution of state secrets is developed in most countries of the world, where it occupies a special place and is under close attention of the state. It was found that the legislation of the three studied states (USA, UK, Germany, first of all divides the information into three blocks, and according to the degree of confidentiality of information, measures and the degree of protection of information are determined. It is concluded that a promising way to protect state secrets and distinguish it from classified information will be to adopt the experience of three separate blocks of information, namely: especially classified information, the disclosure of which provides the highest level of punishment, classified information, responsibility for which should also be expressed and enshrining in the Criminal Code of Ukraine and confidential information, for the disclosure of which to establish administrative liability, Keywords: information, state secret, secret information, confidentiality, criminal liability

Counteraction to High Treason in Russian Legislation of the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries

The problem of improving the criminal liability of the subjects of the Russian Empire at the end of the nineteenth century for espionage and spilling state secrets to a foreign state is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of the problem under study for the effective functioning of the Russian state. The study is based on historical sources of a regulatory and legal nature and is interdisciplinary in nature. Particular attention is paid to the study of legal norms, the identification of the type and amount of punishments for the commission of espionage by Russian citizens and spilling the state secrets to a foreign state. It is indicated that in the second half of the 19th century, the intensity of intelligence of foreign secret services in the territory of the Russian Empire increased. It is noted that more and more often foreign powers involved Russian subjects in the process of obtaining Russian secrets. At the same time, the analysis of the sources made it possible to reveal a sufficient limitation of the institution of counteracting espionage and disclosure of state secrets to foreign states in the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century. It is proved that it was precisely these phenomena at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries that determined the authorities’ desire to progressively improve legal mechanisms that counteract threats and challenges to national security.